Digital transformation of office printing from inception to modern technology

Contents



Chapter # 1. A brief history of the origin of office printing


1.1. Pioneers

1.2. Enthusiasts

Chapter # 2. From CapEx to MPS onwards to DaaS

2.1. Capital expenditures (CapEx)

2.2. Managed Print Services (MPS)

2.3. Documents as a Service (DaaS)

2.3.1. Uberizing printing

2.3.2. Printing by subscription

2.3.3. Why is DaaS spreading unnoticed?

Chapter # 3. How to migrate to digital print services

3.1. CDTO Guidelines Set

Sources






Chapter # 1. A brief history of the origin of office printing

1.1. Pioneers

Image # 1.  Chester Carlson in his laboratory
Image # 1. Chester Carlson in his laboratory

(8 1906 – 19 1968), , , .

28 1938 ,[1] , - “”, , , : «10-22-38 ASTORIA». , , , , . . , (́ – ). , , . .





Image number 2.  Historical print by Chester Carlson
№2.

« , , , , . .» – .

- 30- 21 , .





, , – – . – 1939 1944 , , , . .





Image number 3.  First page of Chester Carlson's original patent describing his invention of electrophotography
№3. ,

, - , » – . « - , . , , . , , .»

, 1944 “Battelle Memorial Institute” , . – «».





3 , 1947 “Battelle Memorial Institute” Haloid, , . Haloid , «» , . - «» ( .-. «ξηρός» «γραφία» – ), «xerox». 1949 «Xerox Copier Model A».





Image number 4.  The first Xerox Model A copier
№4. Xerox Model A

«Model » : , «Model » . -, . 1949 , «Model » , , , Haloid Xerox 914.





Image number 5.  The first automatic office copier, Xerox 914
№5. Xerox 914

1959 , 21 , , . Xerox 914 7 . - . Xerox 914 , . , Haloid Xerox. .






, , , , .





(4 1900 – 16 1968) 30- . 1933 , , Riken ( - – , 1917 ), .[3] , Riken Kankoshi ( Riken) . 6 1936 , , Ricoh.





Riken Kankoshi . 1937 , - 1938 Riken Kankoshi Riken Optical Company.





Image # 7.  Ricohflex Model III3 camera
№7. Ricohflex Model III3

Riken Optical 10% , . Riken , : 1’000 , 10 10’000 . 1949 Riken Optical . , , : . 1950 Ricohflex Model III, , 50% .





, – Ricopy 101.





50- . , . , - . , , .





Riken Optical Company , , .





Image number 8.  Ricopy 101 in action
№8. Ricopy 101

1955 Ricopy 101, , . , , .





Ricopy 101 5 . 70- . 1957 Ricopy 303 Ricopy 505 3 2 .





, « » «». Ricopy 101 , Ricoh, .





1963 , Riken Optical Company Ricoh Company Limited. , . 1977 Ricoh «OA» ( ), : . RPA – robotic process automation – - .






1.2.

. 70- 80- , . , . . , , , .





70- - . . , IBM Xerox , , - .





Image number 9.  Personal computer IBM PC released on August 12, 1981
№9. IBM PC 12 1981

1981 IBM IBM PC .[11] , « » Lotus 1-2-3, WordPerfect MS Word, , . , , – - . , , . , , .





Image number 10.  HP 2607A Printer
№10. HP 2607A

1973 [4] Hewlett-Packard , - HP 1000 HP 3000. , , HP 2607A, 1974 . , HP .





Image number 11.  Hewlett Packard founders David Packard (1912 - 1996) on the left and William Hewlett (1913 - 2001) on the right at an oscilloscope factory
№11. Hewlett Packard (1912 – 1996) (1913 – 2001)

1960- (20 1913 – 12 2001) . (11 1901 – 12 1984), , Canon , . , , . , , .





Canon : 1950- Canon , , – Canon USA.[9]





, . , , , - . , PhD. , Canon (CRL), .





Image number 12.  Dr.  Takeshi Mitarai (1901 - 1984)
№12. . (1901 – 1984)

70- Canon , « » , , . , , : « , ».[10] , Kodak Fuji. Canon . 1975 Canon . . - HP . Canon, ( HP), .





HP 1976 . EPOC ( . Electrophotographic Printer On Computer). , «». , : 250 . HP, 10 100 – . 1:100’000.





EPOC 4 . HP Canon, , , , . , 45 ./. EPOC , . 10’000 , 3’500 EPOC.





Image No. 13.  HP 2680A Printer (EPOC)
№13. HP 2680A (EPOC)

7 1980 HP HP 2680A. ( ), , 180 dpi . - HP 3000 , , . 2680A /. , 2680A HP 3000 120’000 .





, 2680A, Hewlett Packard, 1990 EPOC : « HP – HP 2680A. , . 75 . . . , . . 2680A . , .» , 12 EPOC 1’200 ., .. 100 . .





, 2680A, HP - , . HP , , .. , . « , , Canon, , «-», . - , , , -.» – , R&D LaserJet.





, Canon HP, Canon LBP-10, 1979 . 10 ./., . , , «» , .. , . , . « Canon « », Canon , HP LBP-10. , .» – .





1981 – 1982 . ( ) , HP . Ricoh, .





Canon Ricoh HP – Ricoh Canon HP Canon. - , Canon , , HP . Canon HP.





Image number 14.  Advertisement for HP 2687A Printer (Bonsai)
№14. HP 2687A (Bonsai)

Canon, 1983 HP HP 2687A, Ricoh. 12- . HP 2688A , . PCL2, HP.

Ricoh . HP «», , , . Ricoh , . , , «», , «!». HP , , . , . !





, 2687A , (12’800 ), . , , . 1986 , , HP .





7 1983 - , Canon HP, . , , , «--», Canon PC-20. -, , . , .





« , Canon. , - , ! «Sprout» (. ), .. ? , !» – .





LaserJet . 2686A – HP . , HP ThinkJet ( Thermal Ink Jet). : « «LaserJet»? – .» , , , , . LaserJet!





HP LaserJet 1984 : , LaserJet , . 1500 , 1984 8’000 . .





LaserJet. 1984 HP, Softcon , «» Microsoft. HP , Microsoft Word Excel. Microsoft, !





LaserJet Microsoft. , , Microsoft , -. Microsoft PCL LaserJet , .





Image number 15.  Advertisement for LaserJet Printer (Sprout)
№15. LaserJet (Sprout)

LaserJet HP . LaserJet : (8 ./.), (300 dpi), , (<55 dBA) 3’495 . 1988 LaserJet II 1 .





LaserJet, , LaserJet . «EPOC» Canon, . «Bonsai» PCL2, . , , , .






, , , LaserJet. , , , , , – – . , Xerox . Ricoh , . Canon «--», HP PCL, , . .






№2. CapEx MPS DaaS

2.1. (CapEx)

, .. . . , , , , , , . . 1990- 1’000 , , .





90- , . , OEM[1] . , , , R&D. , , OEM . , . .





[1] OEM – (. Original Equipment Manufacturer – ) – , , ( ).





, – . , , , .. . 2000- : , . , , , 100 , . , , , .





, , – . , « [2]». . , , , . , , .. , , .





[2] - « » - «»,[13] , - . , , , , . : a’la «Polaroid», -, , , .





, . , . , : , , . , , , – - - «» 10 , .





: , , , , . , , , . [14] 2019 , «-» . , , , 2013 – 2019 . 81% 98%. , , 34,6% ( 2013 ) 11,6% ( 2019 ), , , 46,0% ( 2013 ) 81,1% ( 2019 ).





, «» , , , . , , – . , , . 2012 Rechina Asia Expo , , « » «» .





, , , . - , .. . .






2.2. (MPS)

« » Managed Print Services. , , .[15]





MPS , ( ), , , . , , . , , , . , , , . , , .





, ?





  • : , USB .





  • , .





  • , .





  • - .





  • .





  • , , .





  • , , .





, .





, MPS- , , , , ?





, , . , . MPS- , .





MPS-, , , , , . , , .





, , – , CapEx OpEx. , . . , , , , , . OpEx , .. -, , , , .





MPS- :





  • -, , .





  • , , .





  • .





  • 24/7 .





  • .





  • . . .





  • , .





  • .





  • , , .





  • , , . .





. MPS , , .






2.3. (DaaS)

, .. sharing-[4] , , . : - , . .





[4] Sharing- – , ., (car sharing), (co-working), .





1937 [5] « » : « - -,   , .»[17] , , -, . , , - .





[5] , . Ronald Harry Coase (29.12.1910 – 02.09.2013) – , . 1991 « ».





[6], , , , : , , .. , , .[18] , - , , .





[6] , . Oliver E. Williamson (27.09.1932 – 21.05.2020) – , . 2009 « ».





, , , . . -: «» «».





2.3.1.

, , , PwC: « , ». , , . Uber 2009 , «» 5 2014 , - “Publicis” , “Financial Times”. “Collins English Dictionary”, « », «» - 2016 . , , :





– , -, , . [19]





-, :





  • – – .





  • , .





  • , , .





  • (. «added value»).





, [6] , . – .. – , . , .





[6] , , , , , , , .





, : , ( , .. , ).





:





1.  .

– . . , , . . , , .





2.  .

. , , – , – , . , , , , .





3.  .

, ό , , . , , , , , , .





, .. , .., , , , , , .





, , , ό , , , , , - .





2.3.2.

, - , ( ) . , , , , . , . – , .





"Dollar Shave Club”, 2012 . 2015 $152,4 , 2016 “Unilever” $1 . [22] - , , , , . , , .





2017 McKinsey & Company[23] 5093 : (. Replenishment), (. Curation) (. Access).





FMCG , , , , , , , : , , , , .





– , . -, , , , , , . , , .





, - , , «». - -.





, , 55% , , . 32% , 13%. : , , . , - , , .





McKinsey & Company , , , , .. . , , . , , , - , , . : , , . , .





C , , . - : , , , , .[24] , 2020 [25] BMW, Genesis, Hyundai, Kia, Lexus, Toyota Volvo. , Burger King . [26]





- (replenishment), , , : , , , .





. Brother, Canon, Epson, HP Ricoh, . Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG, [27] .  Heidelberg :





  • Heidelberg Speedmaster









  • - KPI









, Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG , - DaaS B2B . – , , , , , .





, , . -, , – . .





, , : (, , /), , (, , ), ( , , ), ( -, ) .





B2B , , , .





– , .





2.3.3. DaaS?

DaaS- «» , . , , , .[20] , , , .[21]





– . - ό , .. , . DaaS , .. «» - , – . , , , , .





DaaS , . DaaS , .






№3. ?

-, , . , , -, . , .., -, «-», - – – , .





, .[28] , , , , . , .





, , , . , , . , , CDTO (Chief Digital Transformation Officer). , .





3.1. CDTO

, . , .





1.         . , . :





  • (-);





  • ;





  • ;





  • ;





  • ;









2.         . : , /, [7].





[7] : 10% . , , .





– , : , «» , , , , . , 30% .





3.         . , , .. , , .





4.         , . -, – ; -, – . , . , – SLA[8], , . , , , . ? , , , , .





[8] SLA (. Service Level Agreement) – , .





5.         . . , . , , .., . , , , .





6.         , , .. .






:

[1] https://www.xerox.com/en-sa/innovation/history

[2] https://www.news.xerox.com/multimedia

[3] https://www.ricoh.com/about/history

[4] http://www.hparchive.com/seminar_notes/HP_LaserJet_The%20Early%20History_by_Jim_Hall_110512.pdf

[5] http://www.hpmuseum.net

[6] https://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1982-06.pdf

[9] https://global.Canon/en/technology/index.html

[10] https://global.canon/en/corporate/history

[11] https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc25/pc25_birth.html

[12] https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC

[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_C._Gillette

[14] http://sforp.ru/bireview/review2020_27.htm

[15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_services

[16] https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/sharing/5ddbb3279a7947b01be74c19

[17] Coase R.H. The Nature of the Firm // Economica, 1937. – № 16

[18] . : , , «»

[19] ..

[20] .. // , 1999. – № 2

[21] .. - // - , 2017. – № 4

[22] https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dollar-shave-club-unilever-anniversary-20170828-htmlstory.html

[23] https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/technology-media-and-telecommunications/our-insights/thinking-inside-the-subscription-box-new-research-on-ecommerce-consumers#

[24] https://www.forbes.ru/biznes/378851-podpisnaya-model-prodazh-garantiya-uspeha-ili-marketingovyy-tryuk

[25] https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/sharing/5e2855c09a7947127c3cafc8

[26] https://www.autonews.ru/news/5f68685d9a79472e45daed8d

[27] https://www.heidelberg.com/gb/en/info_hub/info_hub_1/blog/blog_entries/blog_entry_5.jsp

[28] ., . - : ? // , 2007






Author: Andrey Burkin

Moscow-Yalta, 2020








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