Where German and English parted ways: Apfel vs. apple

If you wake up a Germanist in the middle of the night and ask him what distinguishes German from other Germanic languages, he will not hesitate to give out: the second movement of consonants. This is, so to speak, the pillar and foundation of the historical phonetics of the German language.

 Under consonant (consonants interruption) in the comparative-historical Yazi-to-zna-SRI   refers to a set of regular sound changes in the Indo-occlusive German Yazi-kah . Moving consonants open RK Ras-com , a law is formulated J. Grimm-IOM (t. N. Grimm's Law), which introduced in 1822, the term "consonant" (it. Lautverschiebung). Traditionally, it is believed that when moving consonants remained existed in Indo-European languages according to various opposition groups, but changed distinguishing one group from Dru-goy differential at-zna-ki... Consonant is regarded as the main feature of the Germanic languages, releasing them from the lo-Mga Indo-European languages . It is customary to distinguish between the first, or common German, P. s. (middle of the 1st millennium BC - the turn of the century) and the second, or High German, P. s. (5-8 centuries AD). https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/2712181

With the proper skill and some intellectual tension, it is very pleasant to analyze the correspondences in German and English with him. If you scratch German, then by the sound composition of the word you can see the previous stage of its development, reflected in English. And in some German dialects, because the second movement spread from south to north and to the northern part of Germany did not really reach.

5-6 . .. , .. . – – , «» («Benrather Linie»).

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, 5-6 p – t – k, -ff -ʒʒ – hh (-ch). , ( ) , .. – f, -ʒ, – ch ( – ). . sleep – schlafen, deep – tief, water – Wasser, eat – essen, what – was, that – das, let – lassen, break – brechen, speak – sprechen, make – machen.

p – t – k , () pf (ph) – z (zz) – kch. . pepper – Pfeffer, pipe – Pfeife, pound – Pfund, apple – Apfel, stump – stumpf, two – zwei, ten – zehn, tongue – Zunge, heart – Herz, set – setzen, net – Netz.

k - h . k ch ( ). . ., . chorn “Korn”, chind “Kind”, decchen “decken”, trinchan “trinken”. ch k/c. ( , ). . book - Buch, make - machen, break - brechen, speak - sprechen.  

b – d – g p – t – k. . daughter – Tochter, day – Tag, forbid – verbieten, bid – bitten, hard – hart, old – alt, god – Gott, land , drink – trinken, g – k , , .

Þ d, , 8 . . thorn – Dorn, three – drei, that – das, earth – Erde.

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  “”, ,   . 

, - , , , , , - () . 

,   , , . , . 

We have shown only the most obvious cases and the simplest correspondences, without delving into dialectology, because reason and life are still dear to us. However, we all need to remember that rules are rules, tendencies are tendencies, and with language, in fact, it always comes out somehow asymmetrical and not as mathematical as we would like.