Hungarian engineer Can BΓΆlΓΌk from Verilave found unused and undocumented operating codes in the x86-64 processor instruction set.
It turns out that such opcodes do exist! Some teams were originally stillborn, others are more like Easter eggs, and still others seem to be forgotten bugs or partially implemented teams that will never see the light of day. There are also some opcodes that seem to open up a whole " God mode" and allow you to bypass processor protection or even rewrite the internal microcode of the chip . BΓΆlyuk automated the process of detecting them, and his approach turned out to be very original.
The problem with finding unused opcodes is that it can be difficult to identify relationships during testing. Instructions can work with some registers, but not with others, some instructions are supported by memory modes, while others are not.
Kang Belluk has developed a method for detecting almost any processor instruction using a side channel. The method is interesting in that it addresses the non-trivial capabilities of the processor. The complete code is available here: haruspex.can.ac / Github .
In his blog, Kan Belluk talks in detail about the essence of his approach:
Where did the microinstructions come from?
Modern processors have an insanely complex microarchitecture. The good old decoders no longer decode commands directly for the executive. They decode them into microinstructions, in accordance with the microcode of the processor, to be sent to the execution ports. In a modern Intel processor, two modules do this:
Micro-Instruction Translation Engine (MITE) - Translates simple legacy instructions into four or fewer micro-instructions.
(MS) β , CISC Intel .
(DSB), iCache. , , Intel. :
, Sandsifter. #UD (, - ), , .
, . β , , , . ? β ! : (speculative execution).
? , . . , . . , .
CALL. :
call x
<speculated code>
x:
lea rax, [rip+z]
xchg [rsp], rax
ret
z:
, . XCHG
, , , , . , . CHG
, MOV
, LOCK
, . .
, , . . , . :
auto ip = ia32::get_ip() & ~63ull;
std::copy_n( ( volatile uint8_t* ) ip, 512, ( volatile uint8_t* ) ip );
ia32::sfence();
for ( size_t n = 0; n != 512; n += 64 )
ia32::clflush( ip + n );
. , . , , . . -, #SMI
(System Management Interrupt ), , PMC ( ). -, , , . , IA32_MSR_SMI_COUNT
. β #NMI. . #MC, .
, Mod(x)
, . β , , . 15 NOP
0xCE
, #UD
. 0x00-0xFF
, 0x0F
, , { 0x66
, 0xF2
, 0xF3
} Intel . ModR/M, .
: NOP, , 0xCE
, , for-real-#UD
.
«», , for-real-#UD
. . :
βββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ¬βββββββ¬βββββ
β (index) β decoding β mits β ms β
βββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββΌβββββββΌβββββ€
β 90 β 'nop' β 54 β 80 β /*Baseline*/
β 6690 β 'data16 nop' β 53 β 67 β
β f290 β 'nop' β 53 β 80 β
β f20f90 β 'seto byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 48 β 80 β
βββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ΄βββββββ΄βββββ
nop , MITE. , MITS , MS . , , , 0x0F
. , . 54954 .
const propertyMatch = (i1, i2) => {
return i2.ms == i1.ms && i2.outOfOrder == i1.outOfOrder && i2.iclass == i1.iclass;
};
// Purge redundant prefixes.
//
for (const k1 of Object.keys(instructions)) {
// Skip if already deleted.
//
const i1 = instructions[k1];
if (!i1) {
continue;
}
// Iterate each prefix (apart from 0f):
//
for (const pfx of prefixList) {
// If the instruction exists:
//
const k2 = pfx + k1;
if (k2 in instructions) {
// If the instruction has matching properties as the derived from parent, delete the entry.
//
const i2 = instructions[k2];
if (propertyMatch(i1, i2)) {
// MITS#1 == MITS#2 can indicate same instruction if instruction halts.
// Otherwise MITS#1 has to be one more than MITS#2 since it should execute one more NOP.
//
if (i1.mits != i2.mits) {
if (i1.mits != i2.mits + 1) {
continue;
}
} else if (i1.mits > faultBaseline.mits) {
continue;
}
delete instructions[k2];
}
}
}
}
- 72869 . 1699 , !
// Purge redundant suffixes.
//
for (const k1 of Object.keys(instructions)) {
// Skip if already deleted or not relevant.
//
const i1 = instructions[k1];
if (!i1 || k1.length <= 2) {
continue;
}
// Find maching entries:
//
for (const k2 of Object.keys(instructions)) {
// If it is matching except the last byte:
//
if (k2.startsWith(k1.substr(0, k1.length - 2)) && k2 != k1) {
// If it has matching properties ignoring the length, erase it
//
const i2 = instructions[k2];
if (propertyMatch(i1, i2)) {
delete instructions[k2];
}
}
}
}
, , , . MS nop, , , . MITS , , , , ( , MS MITS, ), ( NOP ).
ββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ¬βββββββ¬ββββββ¬ββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββ
β (index) β decoding β mits β ms β serializing β speculationFence β
ββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββΌβββββββΌββββββΌββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββ€
β 668690 β 'xchg byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], dl' β 47 β 88 β true β false β
β 6c β 'insb ' β 39 β 112 β true β true β
β 6d β 'insd ' β 39 β 99 β true β true β
β 6e β 'outsb ' β 39 β 98 β true β true β
β 6f β 'outsd ' β 39 β 98 β true β true β
β 8e90 β 'mov ss, word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 42 β 86 β true β true β
β c290 β 'ret 0x9090' β 43 β 107 β true β true β // <--- Likely errors since
β c3 β 'ret ' β 41 β 106 β true β true β // <-/ CF will be interrupted
β ca90 β 'ret far 0x9090' β 39 β 145 β true β true β // but will continue from a valid IP.
β cb β 'ret far ' β 39 β 145 β true β true β
β cc β 'int3 ' β 39 β 94 β true β true β
β cd90 β 'int 0x90' β 39 β 91 β true β true β
β cf β 'iretd ' β 39 β 136 β true β true β
β e490 β 'in al, 0x90' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β e590 β 'in eax, 0x90' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β e690 β 'out 0x90, al' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β e790 β 'out 0x90, eax' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β ec β 'in al, dx' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β ed β 'in eax, dx' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β ee β 'out dx, al' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β ef β 'out dx, eax' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β f1 β 'int1 ' β 39 β 112 β true β true β
β f4 β 'hlt' β 39 β 124 β true β true β
β 0f0090 β 'lldt word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 93 β true β true β
β 0f0098 β 'ltr word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β 0f0080 β 'sldt word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 87 β true β false β
β 0f0081 β 'sldt word ptr [rcx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 87 β true β false β
β 0f0088 β 'str word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 87 β true β false β
β 0f00a0 β 'verr word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 91 β true β true β
β 0f00a8 β 'verw word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 91 β true β true β
β 0f00d8 β 'ltr ax' β 39 β 108 β true β true β
β 0f0190 β 'lgdt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 94 β true β true β
β 0f0198 β 'lidt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 94 β true β true β
β 0f0180 β 'sgdt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 89 β true β false β
β 0f0188 β 'sidt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 88 β true β false β
β 0f01b0 β 'lmsw word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 39 β 103 β true β true β
β 0f01b8 β 'invlpg byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 39 β 114 β true β true β
β 0f01a0 β 'smsw word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 85 β true β false β
β f20f22a4 β 'mov cr4, rsp' β 39 β 103 β true β true β
β f20f2396 β 'mov dr2, rsi' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β f20f2380 β 'mov dr0, rax' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β f20fc788 β 'cmpxchg8b qword ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 95 β true β false β
β f20fc78a β 'cmpxchg8b qword ptr [rdx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 95 β true β false β
β f38690 β 'xrelease xchg byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], dl' β 47 β 88 β true β false β
β f38790 β 'xrelease xchg dword ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], edx' β 47 β 88 β true β false β
β f38890 β 'xrelease mov byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], dl' β 47 β 84 β true β false β
β f38990 β 'xrelease mov dword ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], edx' β 47 β 84 β true β false β
β f36c β 'rep insb ' β 39 β 112 β true β true β
β f36d β 'rep insd ' β 39 β 112 β true β true β
β f36e β 'rep outsb ' β 39 β 111 β true β true β
β f36f β 'rep outsd ' β 39 β 111 β true β true β
β f3a4 β 'rep movsb byte ptr [rdi], byte ptr [rsi]' β 43 β 118 β true β true β //
β f3a6 β 'rep cmpsb byte ptr [rsi], byte ptr [rdi]' β 43 β 123 β true β true β //
β f3a7 β 'rep cmpsd dword ptr [rsi], dword ptr [rdi]' β 43 β 123 β true β true β //
β f3aa β 'rep stosb byte ptr [rdi]' β 43 β 125 β true β true β // Likely errors since
β f3ac β 'rep lodsb byte ptr [rsi]' β 43 β 106 β true β true β // rcx is undefined.
β f3ad β 'rep lodsd dword ptr [rsi]' β 43 β 106 β true β true β //
β f3ae β 'rep scasb byte ptr [rdi]' β 43 β 123 β true β true β //
β f3af β 'rep scasd dword ptr [rdi]' β 43 β 123 β true β true β //
β f30f0082 β 'sldt word ptr [rdx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 87 β true β false β
β f30f0088 β 'str word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 87 β true β false β
β f30f0180 β 'sgdt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 89 β true β false β
β f30f018a β 'sidt ptr [rdx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 88 β true β false β
β f30f01a1 β 'smsw word ptr [rcx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 85 β true β false β
β f30f2190 β 'mov rax, dr2' β 39 β 107 β true β true β
β f30f22a4 β 'mov cr4, rsp' β 39 β 103 β true β true β
β f30f2380 β 'mov dr0, rax' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β f30f238e β 'mov dr1, rsi' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β f30f7890 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β f30f7990 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β f30fc789 β 'cmpxchg8b qword ptr [rcx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 95 β true β false β
β f30fc78f β 'cmpxchg8b qword ptr [rdi-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 95 β true β false β
β f30fc7b0 β 'vmxon qword ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 39 β 116 β true β true β
β f30fc733 β 'vmxon qword ptr [rbx]' β 39 β 119 β true β true β
β f30fc776 β 'vmxon qword ptr [rsi-0x70]' β 39 β 120 β true β true β
ββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ΄βββββββ΄ββββββ΄ββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββ
Β«Speculation FenceΒ» ( ) ? , , :
? , . . , .
divps xmm4, xmm5 #UD'ing, 0xCE , . . :
vmovups ymm0, [temp]
vmovups ymm1, [temp]
vmovups ymm2, [temp]
vmovups ymm3, [temp]
vzeroupper
addps xmm0, xmm1
vaddps ymm2, ymm0, ymm3
vaddps ymm1, ymm0, ymm2
vaddps ymm3, ymm0, ymm1
vaddps ymm0, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm1, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm2, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm3, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm0, ymm0, ymm1
vaddps ymm2, ymm0, ymm3
vaddps ymm1, ymm0, ymm2
vaddps ymm3, ymm0, ymm1
vaddps ymm0, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm1, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm2, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm3, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm0, ymm0, ymm1
vaddps ymm2, ymm0, ymm3
vaddps ymm1, ymm0, ymm2
vaddps ymm3, ymm0, ymm1
vaddps ymm0, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm1, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm2, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm3, ymm0, [temp]
vaddps ymm0, ymm0, ymm1
vaddps ymm2, ymm0, ymm3
vaddps ymm1, ymm0, ymm2
vaddps ymm3, ymm0, ymm1
lea rax, [rip+z]
xchg [rsp], rax
ret
, «», , , . , :
-- These indeed leak data under speculative execution:
ββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ¬βββββββ¬ββββββ¬ββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββ
β (index) β decoding β mits β ms β serializing β speculationFence β
ββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββΌβββββββΌββββββΌββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββ€
β 8690 β 'xchg byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], dl' β 48 β 88 β false β false β
β e090 β 'loopne 0xffffffffffffff92' β 56 β 87 β false β false β
β fb β 'sti ' β 56 β 83 β false β false β
β fc β 'cld ' β 53 β 83 β false β false β
β 0f0080 β 'sldt word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 87 β true β false β
β 0f0081 β 'sldt word ptr [rcx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 87 β true β false β
β 0f0088 β 'str word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 87 β true β false β
β 0f00c0 β 'sldt eax' β 51 β 85 β false β false β
β 0f00c8 β 'str eax' β 51 β 85 β false β false β
β 0f0009 β 'str word ptr [rcx]' β 51 β 87 β false β false β
β 0f0180 β 'sgdt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 89 β true β false β
β 0f0188 β 'sidt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 88 β true β false β
β 0f01a0 β 'smsw word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 85 β true β false β
β 0f01a1 β 'smsw word ptr [rcx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 85 β true β false β
β 0f01d0 β 'xgetbv ' β 51 β 88 β false β false β
β 0f01d5 β 'xend' β 51 β 84 β false β false β
β 0f01e0 β 'smsw eax' β 51 β 84 β false β false β
β 0f010f β 'sidt ptr [rdi]' β 51 β 88 β false β false β
β 0f0140 β 'sgdt ptr [rax-0x70]' β 50 β 89 β false β false β
β 0f2098 β 'mov rax, cr3' β 51 β 88 β false β false β
β 0f2080 β 'mov rax, cr0' β 51 β 85 β false β false β
β 0f31 β 'rdtsc ' β 52 β 93 β false β false β
β 0f77 β 'emms' β 52 β 111 β false β false β
β 0fa1 β 'pop fs' β 52 β 87 β false β false β
β 0fa390 β 'bt dword ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], edx' β 51 β 86 β false β false β
...
β f30f0082 β 'sldt word ptr [rdx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 87 β true β false β
β f30f0088 β 'str word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 87 β true β false β
β f30f0006 β 'sldt word ptr [rsi]' β 50 β 87 β false β false β
β f30f000a β 'str word ptr [rdx]' β 50 β 87 β false β false β
β f30f0180 β 'sgdt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 89 β true β false β
β f30f018a β 'sidt ptr [rdx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 88 β true β false β
β f30f01a1 β 'smsw word ptr [rcx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 85 β true β false β
β f30f010f β 'sidt ptr [rdi]' β 50 β 88 β false β false β
β f30f0126 β 'smsw word ptr [rsi]' β 50 β 85 β false β false β
β f30f0140 β 'sgdt ptr [rax-0x70]' β 49 β 89 β false β false β
β f30faed0 β 'wrfsbase eax' β 50 β 87 β false β false β
β f30faed8 β 'wrgsbase eax' β 50 β 87 β false β false β
β f30faec0 β 'rdfsbase eax' β 50 β 86 β false β false β
β f30faec8 β 'rdgsbase eax' β 50 β 86 β false β false β
β f30fb391 β 'btr dword ptr [rcx-0x6f6f6f70], edx' β 50 β 86 β false β false β
β f30fb39f β 'btr dword ptr [rdi-0x6f6f6f70], ebx' β 50 β 86 β false β false β
β f30fbb92 β 'btc dword ptr [rdx-0x6f6f6f70], edx' β 50 β 86 β false β false β
β f30fbb94 β 'btc dword ptr [rax+rdx*4-0x6f6f6f70], edx' β 49 β 86 β false β false β
β f30fc789 β 'cmpxchg8b qword ptr [rcx-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 95 β true β false β
β f30fc78f β 'cmpxchg8b qword ptr [rdi-0x6f6f6f70]' β 46 β 95 β true β false β
ββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ΄βββββββ΄ββββββ΄ββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββ
-- Yet these do not:
ββββββββββββ¬ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ¬βββββββ¬ββββββ¬ββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββ
β (index) β decoding β mits β ms β serializing β speculationFence β
ββββββββββββΌββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββΌβββββββΌββββββΌββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββ€
β 6c β 'insb ' β 39 β 112 β true β true β
β 6d β 'insd ' β 39 β 99 β true β true β
β 6e β 'outsb ' β 39 β 98 β true β true β
β 6f β 'outsd ' β 39 β 98 β true β true β
β 8e90 β 'mov ss, word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 42 β 86 β true β true β
β 9d β 'popfq ' β 55 β 87 β false β true β
β c290 β 'ret 0x9090' β 43 β 107 β true β true β
β c3 β 'ret ' β 41 β 106 β true β true β
β c890 β 'enter 0x9090, 0x90' β 50 β 93 β false β true β
β ca90 β 'ret far 0x9090' β 39 β 145 β true β true β
β cb β 'ret far ' β 39 β 145 β true β true β
β cc β 'int3 ' β 39 β 94 β true β true β
β cd90 β 'int 0x90' β 39 β 91 β true β true β
β cf β 'iretd ' β 39 β 136 β true β true β
β e190 β 'loope 0xffffffffffffff92' β 64 β 83 β false β true β
β e490 β 'in al, 0x90' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β e590 β 'in eax, 0x90' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β e690 β 'out 0x90, al' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β e790 β 'out 0x90, eax' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β ec β 'in al, dx' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β ed β 'in eax, dx' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β ee β 'out dx, al' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β ef β 'out dx, eax' β 39 β 109 β true β true β
β f1 β 'int1 ' β 39 β 112 β true β true β
β f390 β 'pause' β 52 β 86 β false β true β
β f4 β 'hlt' β 39 β 124 β true β true β
β fd β 'std ' β 53 β 83 β false β true β
β 0f0090 β 'lldt word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 93 β true β true β
β 0f0098 β 'ltr word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β 0f00a0 β 'verr word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 91 β true β true β
β 0f00a8 β 'verw word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 91 β true β true β
β 0f00d0 β 'lldt ax' β 51 β 91 β false β true β
β 0f00d8 β 'ltr ax' β 39 β 108 β true β true β
...
β 0f00e0 β 'verr ax' β 51 β 90 β false β true β
β 0f00e8 β 'verw ax' β 51 β 90 β false β true β
β 0f0190 β 'lgdt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 94 β true β true β
β 0f0198 β 'lidt ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 94 β true β true β
β 0f01b0 β 'lmsw word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 39 β 103 β true β true β
β 0f01b8 β 'invlpg byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 39 β 114 β true β true β
β 0f01d1 β 'xsetbv ' β 51 β 117 β false β true β
β 0f01d2 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β 0f01d4 β 'vmfunc ' β 39 β 83 β true β true β
β 0f2193 β 'mov rbx, dr2' β 39 β 107 β true β true β
ββββββββββββ΄ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ΄βββββββ΄ββββββ΄ββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββ
-, i7 6850k:
ββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββ¬βββββββ¬ββββββ¬ββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββ
β (index) β decoding β mits β ms β serializing β speculationFence β
ββββββββββββΌβββββββββββΌβββββββΌββββββΌββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββ€
β 0f01d2 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β 0f01c6 β '' β 39 β 83 β true β true β
β 0f01cc β '' β 39 β 104 β true β true β
β 0f0c90 β '' β 39 β 138 β true β true β /* Recent CRBUS leaking instruction, 90 is the next NOP. */
β 0f0e β 'femms' β 52 β 101 β false β true β /* Recent CRBUS leaking instruction */
β 0faed0 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β 0fc790 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β 660f3883 β '' β 39 β 81 β true β true β
β 660f3860 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β 660f3a80 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β f30f7890 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β f30f7990 β '' β 39 β 87 β true β true β
β f30fe7fc β '' β 73 β 80 β false β true β
ββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββ΄βββββββ΄ββββββ΄ββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββ
mov cr2
, reg
.
ββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββ¬βββββββ¬ββββββ¬ββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββ
β (index) β decoding β mits β ms β serializing β speculationFence β
ββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββΌβββββββΌββββββΌββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββ€
β 0f2090 β 'mov rax, cr2' β 51 β 83 β false β false β
β 0f2098 β 'mov rax, cr3' β 51 β 88 β false β false β
β 0f2080 β 'mov rax, cr0' β 51 β 85 β false β false β
β 0f2290 β 'mov cr2, rax' β 51 β 87 β false β true β /* ! */
β 0f2298 β 'mov cr3, rax' β 39 β 161 β true β true β
β 0f2299 β 'mov cr3, rcx' β 39 β 151 β true β true β
β 0f229b β 'mov cr3, rbx' β 39 β 155 β true β true β
β 0f2280 β 'mov cr0, rax' β 39 β 110 β true β true β
β 0f2281 β 'mov cr0, rcx' β 39 β 153 β true β true β
β 0f22a0 β 'mov cr4, rax' β 39 β 103 β true β true β
β 0f22a1 β 'mov cr4, rcx' β 39 β 120 β true β true β
β 0f22a4 β 'mov cr4, rsp' β 39 β 104 β true β true β
β 660f22a4 β 'mov cr4, rsp' β 39 β 103 β true β true β
β f20f22a4 β 'mov cr4, rsp' β 39 β 103 β true β true β
β f30f22a4 β 'mov cr4, rsp' β 39 β 103 β true β true β
ββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββ΄βββββββ΄ββββββ΄ββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββ
CPL int imm8
, int1
.
βββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββ¬βββββββ¬ββββββ¬ββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββ
β (index) β decoding β mits β ms β serializing β speculationFence β
βββββββββββΌβββββββββββββΌβββββββΌββββββΌββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββ€
β cc β 'int3 ' β 39 β 94 β true β true β
β cd90 β 'int 0x90' β 39 β 91 β true β true β
β f1 β 'int1 ' β 39 β 112 β true β true β
βββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββ΄βββββββ΄ββββββ΄ββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββ
mov ss
β , cli
β . lss
, lgs
.
βββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ¬βββββββ¬βββββ¬ββββββββββββββ¬βββββββββββββββββββ
β (index) β decoding β mits β ms β serializing β speculationFence β
βββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββΌβββββββΌβββββΌββββββββββββββΌβββββββββββββββββββ€
β 8890 β 'mov byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], dl' β 49 β 80 β false β false β
β 8990 β 'mov dword ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], edx' β 49 β 80 β false β false β
β 668890 β 'mov byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], dl' β 48 β 80 β false β false β
β 8a90 β 'mov dl, byte ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 49 β 80 β false β false β
β 8b90 β 'mov edx, dword ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 49 β 80 β false β false β
β 8c90 β 'mov word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70], ss' β 50 β 80 β false β false β
β 8e90 β 'mov ss, word ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 42 β 86 β true β true β /* ! */
β fa β 'cli ' β 56 β 80 β false β false β
β 0fb290 β 'lss edx, ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 39 β 89 β true β true β /* ! */
β 0fb590 β 'lgs edx, ptr [rax-0x6f6f6f70]' β 47 β 89 β true β false β
βββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ΄βββββββ΄βββββ΄ββββββββββββββ΄βββββββββββββββββββ
β Nginx, - -
β :
β : vCloud API
β vApp VMware vCenter + ESXi
Telegram-, . .