From toilets to blockbusters: on the history of visual effects

Computer graphics and visual effects are not as new as people think they are. Special effects in cinema appeared almost simultaneously with the advent of cinema, and while our minds desperately refuses to realize how deep the rabbit hole is, Georges Melies alone laughs loudly somewhere. Obviously, with the advent of computing, expanding the arsenal of artists was only a matter of time. Nevertheless, computer graphics had to go a long way, some of the stages of which it would be interesting to walk through.





Arrival of the kitty

Sweet corn, the Cuban missile crisis, the sexual revolution, the Berlin Wall, the Second Vatican Cathedral and, of course, the conquest of space - the sixties of the last century turned out to be rich in events. Against the background of this riot, mathematicians with burning eyes went unnoticed, who were conducting the first experiments with computer graphics somewhere in the bowels of university computer rooms. One of them was Nikolai Nikolaevich Konstantinov. To create the cartoon he was inspired by the work of a former student - animation of the movement of a DNA molecule from plasticine, and after a few months of work in 1968, "Kitty" modestly walked across the screen.





"Kitty" was not the first computer cartoon, but it was the first realistically animated character using a computer.





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Such matrices were laid in several layers and "cubes" were obtained.  According to grandmothers from the department of computer technology, such memory modules were quite heavy and could be carried from place to place by two people.
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Silicon Graphics

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Still from the reissue of The 7th Guest.  The original 640x320 is simply stretched to fit modern monitors.
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Alone in the Dark, 1992. Three-dimensional characters and elements of the environment on a drawn background.
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Macintosh LC II.  Motorola 68030, 16 MHz.  From $ 1,700 (now it is $ 3,000 or 220,000 rubles).
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In addition to the LC II and the more expensive Quadra 700, Apple offered a black and white Macintosh Classic II.  Motorola 68030, 16 MHz, $ 1900 at launch.
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Indigo 2 cyan and magenta 2. There is a less expensive Indy under the monitor and O2 on the floor behind
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With their help, the head, hands and clothes of an old chess player were modeled.
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The Spirits Within

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87th place in Maxim Hot 100 2001. Alas, the page on the magazine's website is not available, and I am very grateful to the one who saved this image.
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Weta Digital, as always, gives out candy, but the comparison will be incorrect, because the characters are stylized.  From believable to downright grotesque.
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The most graphic illustration.  Impudently borrowed from Wiki.
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Distributed ray tracing.  Real surfaces are not perfectly smooth, which means they don't reflect all the light in just one direction.
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Left: straight line only.  Right: direct + global.
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Sorry, I could not resist.
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The Bulgarian V-Ray is entering the arena, which over the past 10 years has made a colossal path from interior design and advertising to high-budget films. And it seems that he is not going to stop.








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