Clever Geek Handbook

FoMO - Fear of Missing Out: design definition, theoretical background and literature review

Preface to translation

For those who will later get acquainted with the primary sources in translation, I partially left the original terminology and abbreviations. For the same purposes in the list of references there are different markings of links link | full-text | backup. Where full-text is links to publications distributed freely, backup is copies collected on my Google Drive.





Since there are no Russian analogues for some of the terms, I use their free interpretation and use and original spelling.





Introduction

FoMO - Fear of Missing Out / Syndrome of missed opportunities is one of the new psychological constructions associated with the experience of operating digital services and products.





The focus of the review is to identify and decompose the FoMO design, identify its theoretical flaws, and highlight recent research linking FoMO to social media engagement levels, problematic internet use (PIU), negative affectivity, and socio-demographic characteristics. ...





FoMO is a universal phenomenon that has been researched and supported as a valid psychological construct in many countries: Israel ⁽²²⁾ , Turkey ⁽²⁹⁾ , Belgium ⁽³¹⁾ , Poland ⁽³²⁾ , UK ⁽³³⁾ , New Zealand ⁽³⁴⁾ , Germany ⁽³⁵⁾ , Italy ⁽³⁰⁾ , China ⁽³⁶⁾ , Bosnia ⁽³⁷⁾ , India ⁽³⁸⁾ , Latin America ⁽³⁹⁾ and the USA ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽⁴⁰⁾ ⁽⁴¹⁾ .





FoMO . , ( , ) . ⁽¹⁾ ⁽²⁾ ⁽³⁾. 





FoMO

FoMO 2010 ⁽⁴⁾ ⁽⁵⁾. . ⁽⁶⁾ ⁽⁷⁾. , , (offline online), . 





FoMO : 





  • , ,





  • . ⁽¹⁾.  





: , . . , , , , ( ) - . 





FoMO . ⁽¹⁾. , , , , , . 





, ⁽⁸⁾ ⁽⁹⁾, FoMO. online ⁽¹⁰⁾ . 





, , . . : ⁽¹¹⁾ , ⁽¹²⁾ ⁽¹³⁾ ⁽¹⁴⁾ - « », ⁽¹⁵⁾.  





, FoMO , ⁽¹⁶⁾. 





. , FoMO ⁽¹⁷⁾ ⁽¹⁸⁾ « » ⁽¹⁹⁾ ⁽²⁰⁾.





. (Likert-type) 10 ⁽¹⁾. , « , , » « , ». — . , 17 ⁽²¹⁾ 10 ⁽²²⁾. 





state-FoMO (), trait-FoMO ( ) ⁽²³⁾. state-FOMO, « online, » « . ».





Trait-FoMO — - .





state-FoMO FoMO, online-. State-FoMO - (ICD), trait-FoMO state-FoMO , . 











, ICD. | link





FoMO : , ⁽²⁴⁾ ⁽²⁵⁾





FoMO

FoMO (EFA) (CFA). /.





FoMO. ⁽²⁶⁾ ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽²⁸⁾. 





. ⁽²³⁾ . ⁽¹⁾ EFA . CFA , : trait state FOMO ⁽²³⁾ ⁽²⁹⁾. FoMO , trait-FoMO ⁽²³⁾.





trait state | link





FoMO: , ⁽³⁰⁾.





, FOMO , ⁽²¹⁾ ⁽²²⁾.





FoMO

2018 FoMO , PIU, PSU, FoMO - , . 





PIU PSU 

, FoMO . Facebook . . , . FoMO ⁽³⁵⁾ ⁽³⁷⁾ ⁽⁴²⁾ ⁽⁴³⁾ ⁽⁴⁴⁾ ⁽⁴⁵⁾. 





. ⁽⁴³⁾ 289 . , , -0,19 FoMO 10 . ⁽¹⁾ Facebook , , Facebook.





. , , . 





, PIU ⁽⁴⁶⁾. , , , , ⁽⁴⁷⁾ ⁽⁴⁸⁾. 





. , , . PIU ⁽⁴⁹⁾





- ⁽⁵⁰⁾ ; ⁽⁵¹⁾ ⁽⁵²⁾.





, -, , - , ⁽⁵³⁾ ⁽⁵⁴⁾ ⁽⁵⁵⁾. 





. . ., PSU (problematic smartphone use) — ( ) - ⁽⁴⁹⁾ ⁽⁵⁶⁾. 





PIU, ⁽⁵⁷⁾ ⁽⁵⁸⁾ ⁽⁵⁹⁾ , ⁽⁶⁰⁾ ⁽⁶¹⁾,   , . 





PIU PSU , ⁽⁶²⁾ ⁽⁶³⁾ ⁽⁶⁴⁾. , .





, FoMO . ⁽²⁹⁾ ⁽³⁰⁾ ⁽³⁷⁾ ⁽³⁸⁾ ⁽⁴³⁾ ⁽⁶⁵⁾ ⁽⁶⁶⁾ ⁽⁶⁷⁾ ⁽⁶⁸⁾ ⁽⁶⁹⁾ 





. ⁽⁴³⁾ , 0,32 . ⁽¹⁾  BFAS — Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale ⁽⁷⁰⁾. , FoMO , . .





FoMO PSU . ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽²⁸⁾ ⁽³⁶⁾ ⁽⁴⁵⁾ ⁽⁶⁵⁾ ⁽⁶⁶⁾ ⁽⁶⁹⁾ ⁽⁷¹⁾ ⁽⁷²⁾ ⁽⁷³⁾ ⁽⁷⁴⁾ ⁽⁷⁵⁾ 





, , .. ⁽³⁶⁾ 1034 . , 0,29 FoMO, . ⁽¹⁾ ⁽⁷⁶⁾. 





, FoMO : - ⁽¹⁶⁾ - ⁽⁷⁷⁾.





FoMO , ⁽¹⁾, ⁽⁷⁸⁾. 





, , FoMO , . 





FoMO ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽²⁹⁾ ⁽³⁰⁾ ⁽³²⁾ ⁽³⁵⁾ ⁽³⁶⁾ ⁽³⁸⁾ ⁽⁴³⁾ ⁽⁶⁸⁾ ⁽⁷²⁾ ⁽⁷⁵⁾ ⁽⁷⁹⁾ 





( ) ⁽⁸¹⁾ ⁽⁸²⁾,  ⁽⁷⁸⁾. 





FoMO , , ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽³⁵⁾ ⁽³⁶⁾ ⁽³⁸⁾ ⁽⁴³⁾ ⁽⁷²⁾ ⁽⁷⁴⁾ ⁽⁷⁹⁾ ⁽⁸³⁾.





, , . ⁽³⁶⁾ , 0,33, . ⁽¹⁾  DASS — Depression Anxiety Stress Scale — ,   ⁽²¹⁾ ⁽⁸⁰⁾.





, , . ⁽³⁶⁾ FoMO . ⁽¹⁾ DASS — Depression Anxiety Stress Scale — ,   ⁽²¹⁾ ⁽⁸⁰⁾.





FoMO : ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽⁴³⁾ ⁽⁷²⁾ ⁽⁷⁵⁾ ⁽⁷⁹⁾. 





FoMO ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽⁷⁴⁾,  , ⁽⁸⁴⁾.





FoMO , : ⁽⁴²⁾ ⁽⁸⁵⁾ . ⁽²⁶⁾ ⁽⁶⁶⁾ ⁽⁶⁹⁾.  





FoMO . FoMO ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽³²⁾ ⁽⁸⁶⁾, , , ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽³¹⁾ ⁽⁸⁷⁾. , FoMO , ⁽²⁷⁾.





FoMO

FOMO (SDT), ⁽⁸⁸⁾. SDT , . . , FOMO ⁽¹⁾ . 





SDT , , , ⁽⁸⁹⁾. 





. , FoMO — , ⁽¹⁾. 





, FoMO , ⁽⁹⁰⁾.





, FoMO , ⁽²⁹⁾ ⁽⁸⁶⁾, ⁽⁹¹⁾. 





FoMO . . , ( , FoMO) . ⁽⁹²⁾. 





FoMO ⁽³¹⁾ ⁽⁷⁹⁾ ⁽⁹³⁾, FoMO ⁽²³⁾ ⁽³⁹⁾ ⁽⁹⁴⁾. 





, , FoMO — ⁽⁷⁹⁾ ⁽⁹³⁾. - .





FoMO PIU. I-PACE — Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution «---» PIU ⁽⁹⁵⁾  . ⁽⁹⁶⁾ 





I-PACE , : , , . 





I-PACE , PIU . : , , , ⁽⁹⁶⁾.





FoMO I-PACE ⁽²³⁾ ⁽⁹⁴⁾. . , , , FoMO , PIU ⁽⁹⁴⁾ . 





, I-PACE, , FoMO - PIU ⁽²⁷⁾ ⁽²⁸⁾ ⁽³⁶⁾ ⁽³⁹⁾ ⁽⁴³⁾ ⁽⁷³⁾ ⁽⁷⁴⁾.  





, FoMO , , PIU.





FoMO — . FoMO , . , , , . 





, FoMO .





FoMO . , , — ⁽⁹⁷⁾ ⁽⁹⁸⁾ ⁽⁹⁹⁾. 





, , , FoMO ⁽¹⁰⁰⁾. 





, , FoMO - ⁽⁸³⁾. 





FoMO . , , FoMO. 





FoMO , , FoMO . , .   ⁽¹⁰¹⁾ ⁽¹⁰²⁾ ⁽¹⁰³⁾, Instagram ⁽¹⁰⁴⁾ ⁽¹⁰⁵⁾ ⁽¹⁰⁶⁾. 





. ⁽²³⁾ FoMO . / FOMO, , . ⁽²⁹⁾ , trait-FOMO, state-FOMO. 





, FoMO, ⁽¹⁰⁸⁾, ⁽¹⁰⁷⁾.





— , FoMO ⁽¹⁰⁹⁾ . 





, FoMO .









  1. 1 Przybylski AK, Murayama K, DeHaan CR, Gladwell V. Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput Human Behav. 2013;29:1841–8. | link full text





  2. Orben A, Przybylski AK. The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat Hum Behav. 2019;3:173–82. | link 





  3. Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:251–9. | link





  4. Fake C. FOMO and social media [Internet] 2011 Mar 15. [cited 2020 Mar 19] | full-text





  5. Morford M. Oh my God you are so missing out [Internet] 2010 Aug. [cited 2020 Mar 19] | link





  6. Hitlin P. Internet, social media use and device ownership in U.S. have plateaued after years of growth [Internet] 2018 Sep 28. [cited 2020 Mar 19] | link





  7. Poushter J, Bishop C, Chwe H. Social media use continues to rise in developing countries but plateaus across developed ones [Internet] 2018 Jun 19. [cited 2020 Mar 19] | link





  8. Paul CL, Komlodi A, Lutters WG. Again?!! The emotional experience of social notification interruptions. Human-Computer Interaction-INTERACT 2011, Part 2: 13th IFIP TC 13 International Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, September 5-9, 2011. Proceedings. 2011:471–8. p. | link





  9. Paul CL, Komlodi A, Lutters WG. Interruptive notifications in support of task management. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2015;79:20–34. | link





  10. Cheng C, Wang HY, Sigerson L, Chau CL. Do the socially rich get richer? A nuanced perspective on social network site use and online social capital accrual. Psychol Bull. 2019;145:734–64. | full-text





  11. Stothart C, Mitchum A, Yehnert C. The attentional cost of receiving a cell phone notification. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2015;41:893–7. | full-text





  12. Kushlev K, Proulx JD, Dunn E. “Silence your phones”: smartphone notifications increase inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. Conference: CHI' 2016, At San Jose, CA, USA. 2016:1011–20. p. | link





  13. Duke E, Montag C. Smartphone addiction, daily interruptions and self-reported productivity. Addict Behav Rep. 2017;6:90–5. | full text





  14. Elhai JD, Rozgonjuk D, Alghraibeh AM, Yang H. Disrupted daily activities from interruptive smartphone notifications: relations with depression and anxiety severity and the mediating role of boredom proneness [Internet] First Published June 18, 2019. [cited 2020 Mar 19] | link





  15. Salvucci DD, Taatgen NA. Threaded cognition: an integrated theory of concurrent multitasking. Psychol Rev. 2008;115:101–30. | full-text





  16. Rozgonjuk D, Elhai JD, Ryan T, Scott G. Fear of missing out is associated with disrupted activities from receiving smartphone notifications and surface learning in college students. Comput Educ. 2019;140:103590. | link





  17. Alutaybi A, McAlaney J, Stefanidis A, Phalp K, Ali R. Designing social networks to combat fear of missing out. In the 32nd Human Computer Interaction Conference (British HCI’18) – Position Papers Track. 02-06 Jul, 2018., At In the 32nd Human Computer Interaction Conference (British HCI’18) – Position Papers Track. 02-06 Jul, 2018. Belfast, Northern Ireland. 2018 | full-text





  18. Montag C, Lachmann B, Herrlich M, Zweig K. Addictive features of social media/messenger platforms and freemium games against the background of psychological and economic theories. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jul 23;16((14)):E2612. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16142612. pii: | full-text





  19. Zuboff S. Big other: surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization. J Inf Technol. 2015;30:75–89. | link





  20. Zuboff S. The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. London: Profile Books; 2019. | link





  21. Alt D. College students’ academic motivation, media engagement and fear of missing out. Comput Human Behav. 2015;49:111–9. | link





  22. Alt D. Students’ wellbeing, fear of missing out, and social media engagement for leisure in higher education learning environments. Curr Psychol. 2018;37:128–38. | link





  23. Wegmann E, Oberst U, Stodt B, Brand M. Online-specific fear of missing out and Internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of Internet-communication disorder. Addict Behav Rep. 2017;5:33–42. | full text





  24. Cheever NA, Rosen LD, Carrier LM, Chavez A. Out of sight is not out of mind: the impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Comput Human Behav. 2014;37:290–7. | link





  25. Clayton RB, Leshner G, Almond A. The extended iSelf: the impact of iPhone separation on cognition, emotion, and physiology. J Comput Mediat Commun. 2015;20:119–35. | full-text





  26. Can G, Satici SA. Adaptation of fear of missing out scale (FoMOs): Turkish version validity and reliability study. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2019;32:3. | full-text | backup





  27. Elhai JD, Levine JC, Alghraibeh AM, Alafnan AA, Aldraiweesh AA, Hall BJ. Fear of missing out: testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use. Comput Human Behav. 2018;89:289–98. | link





  28. Servidio R. Self-control and problematic smartphone use among Italian University students: the mediating role of the fear of missing out and of smartphone use patterns. Curr Psychol. 2019 doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00373-z. | link





  29. Balta S, Emirtekin E, Kircaburun K, Griffiths MD. Neuroticism, trait fear of missing out, and phubbing: The mediating role of state fear of missing out and problematic instagram use [Internet] 2018. [cited 2010 Mar 19] | full-text | backup





  30. Casale S, Fioravanti G. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the fear of missing out scale in emerging adults and adolescents. Addict Behav. 2020;102:106179. | link





  31. Beyens I, Frison E, Eggermont S. “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Comput Human Behav. 2016;64:1–8. | link





  32. Błachnio A, Przepiórka A. Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, narcissism, and life satisfaction: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2018;259:514–9. | link





  33. Buglass SL, Binder JF, Betts LR, Underwood JD. Motivators of online vulnerability: The impact of social network site use and FOMO. Comput Human Behav. 2017;66:248–55. | link





  34. Riordan B, Flett J, Hunter J, Scarf D, Conner TS. Fear of missing out (FoMO): the relationship between FoMO, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences in college students. J Psychiatry Brain Funct. 2015;2 | full-text | backup





  35. Reer F, Tang WY, Quandt T. Psychosocial well-being and social media engagement: the mediating roles of social comparison orientation and fear of missing out. New Media Soc. 2019;21:1486–505. | link





  36. Elhai JD, Yang H, Fang J, Bai X, Hall BJ. Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese young adults: fear of missing out as a mediator. Addict Behav. 2020;101:105962. | link





  37. Tomczyk Ł, Selmanagic-Lizde E. Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) among youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina: scale and selected mechanisms. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2018;88:541–9. | link





  38. Dhir A, Yossatorn Y, Kaur P, Chen S. Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing: a study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. Int J Inf Manage. 2018;40:141–52. | link





  39. Oberst U, Wegmann E, Stodt B, Brand M, Chamarro A. Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: the mediating role of fear of missing out. J Adolesc. 2017;55:51–60. | link





  40. Baker ZG, Krieger H, LeRoy AS. Fear of missing out: relationships with depression, mindfulness, and physical symptoms. Transl Issues Psychol Sci. 2016;2:275–82.| link





  41. Scalzo AC, Martinez JA. Not all anxiety is the same: how different “types” of anxiety uniquely associate with college students’ drinking intentions. J Coll Stud Dev. 2017;58:943–7. | link





  42. Chai HY, Niu GF, Lian SL, Chu XW, Liu S, Sun XJ. Why social network site use fails to promote well-being? The roles of social overload and fear of missing out. Comput Human Behav. 2019;100:85–92. | link





  43. Dempsey A, E., O’Brien KD, Tiamiyu MF, Elhai JD. Fear of missing out (FoMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Addict Behav Rep. 2019;9:100150. | full text | backup





  44. Franchina V, Abeele MV, van Rooij AJ, Lo Coco G, De Marez L. Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among Flemish adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:2319. | full text | backup





  45. Traş Z. Examining the relationships between Facebook intensity, fear of missing out, and smartphone addiction. Addicta. 2019;6:91–113. | full-text | backup





  46. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Karila L, Billieux J. Internet addiction: a systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20:4026–52. | link





  47. Billieux J, Maurage P, Lopez-Fernandez O, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2:156–62. | full-text | backup





  48. Gutierrez J, de Fonseca FR, Rubio G. Cell-phone addiction: a review. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:175. | full-text | backup





  49. Montag C, Wegmann E, Sariyska R, Demetrovics Z, Brand M. How to overcome taxonomical problems in the study of Internet use disorders and what to do with “smartphone addiction”? J Behav Addict. 2019 Oct 31::1–7. | full-text | backup





  50. MKB-11. World Health Organization (WHO) 6C51.0 Gaming disorder, predominantly online [Internet] 2019 Apr. [cited 2010 Mar 19] link





  51. Montag C, Schivinski B, Sariyska R, Kannen C, Demetrovics Z, Pontes HM. Psychopathological symptoms and gaming motives in disordered gaming: a psychometric comparison between the WHO and APA diagnostic frameworks. J Clin Med. 2019;8((10)):E1691. | full-text | backup





  52. Pontes HM, Schivinski B, Sindermann C, Li M, Becker B, Zhou M, et al. Measurement and conceptualization of gaming disorder according to the World Health Organization framework: the development of the gaming disorder test. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2019 Jun 03 doi: 10.1007/s11469-019-00088-z. | full-text | backup





  53. Grant JE, Lust K, Chamberlain SR. Problematic smartphone use associated with greater alcohol consumption, mental health issues, poorer academic performance, and impulsivity. J Behav Addict. 2019;8:335–42. | full-text | backup





  54. Luria G. The mediating role of smartphone addiction on the relationship between personality and young drivers' smartphone use while driving. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2018;59:203–11. | link





  55. Yang G, Cao J, Li Y, Cheng P, Liu B, Hao Z, et al. Association between internet addiction and the risk of musculoskeletal pain in Chinese college freshmen – a cross-sectional study. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1959. | full-text | backup





  56. Panova T, Carbonell X. Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? J Behav Addict. 2018;7:252–9.  | full-text | backup





  57. Elhai JD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: a review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. J Anxiety Disord. 2019;62:45–52. | link





  58. Thomée S. Mobile phone use and mental health: a review of the research that takes a psychological perspective on exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Nov 29;15((12)):E2692. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15122692. | full-text | backup





  59. Elhai JD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use and mental health problems: current state of research and future directions. Dusunen Adam. 2019;32:1–3. | full-text | backup





  60. Marino C, Gini G, Vieno A, Spada MM. The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;226:274–81. | link





  61. Seabrook EM, Kern ML, Rickard NS. Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review. JMIR Ment Health. 2016;3:e50. | full-text | backup





  62. Lachmann B, Duke É, Sariyska R, Montag C. Who’s addicted to the smartphone and/or the Internet? Psychol Pop Media Cult. 2019;8:182–9. | link





  63. Lachmann B, Sindermann C, Sariyska RY, Luo R, Melchers MC, Becker B, et al. The role of empathy and life satisfaction in Internet and smartphone use disorder. Front Psychol. 2018;9:398. | full-text | backup





  64. Montag C, Sindermann C, Becker B, Panksepp J. An affective neuroscience framework for the molecular study of internet addiction. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1906. | full-text | backup





  65. Liu C, Ma J. Social support through online social networking sites and addiction among college students: the mediating roles of fear of missing out and problematic smartphone use. Curr Psychol. 2018 Nov doi: 10.1007/s12144-018-0075-5.. | link





  66. Sha P, Sariyska R, Riedl R, Lachmann B, Montag C. Linking Internet communication and smartphone use disorder by taking a closer look at the Facebook and WhatsApp applications. Addict Behav Rep. 2019;9:100148. | full-text | backup





  67. Yin L, Wang P, Nie J, Guo J, Feng J, Lei L. Social networking sites addiction and FoMO: the mediating role of envy and the moderating role of need to belong. Curr Psychol. 2019 Jul 02 doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00344-4. | link





  68. Casale S, Rugai L, Fioravanti G. Exploring the role of positive metacognitions in explaining the association between the fear of missing out and social media addiction. Addict Behav. 2018;85:83–7. | link





  69. Sette CP, Lima NRS, Queluz FNFR, Ferrari BL, Hauck N. The online fear of missing out inventory (ON-FoMO): development and validation of a new tool. J Technol Behav Sci. 2019 Jul 24 doi: 10.1007/s41347-019-00110-0. | link





  70. Andreassen CS, Torsheim T, Brunborg GS, Pallesen S. Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale. Psychol Rep. 2012;110:501–17. | link





  71. Coskun S, Karayagiz Muslu G. Investigation of problematic mobile phones use and fear of missing out (FoMO) level in adolescents. Community Ment Health J. 2019;55:1004–14. | link





  72. Elhai JD, Yang H, Rozgonjuk D, Montag C. Using machine learning to model problematic smartphone use severity: the significant role of fear of missing out. Addict Behav. 2020;103:106261. | link





  73. Wang J, Wang P, Yang X, Zhang G, Wang X, Zhao F, et al. Fear of missing out and procrastination as mediators between sensation seeking and adolescent smartphone addiction. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2019;17:1049–62. | link





  74. Wolniewicz CA, Rozgonjuk D, Elhai JD. Boredom proneness and fear of missing out mediate relations between depression and anxiety with problematic smartphone use. Hum Behav Emerg Technol. 2020;2:61–70. | full-text | backup





  75. Wolniewicz CA, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Elhai JD. Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Res. 2018;262:618–23. | link





  76. Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8:e83558. | full-text | backup





  77. Appel M, Krisch N, Stein JP, Weber S. Smartphone zombies! Pedestrians’ distracted walking as a function of their fear of missing out. J Environ Psychol. 2019;63:130–3. | link





  78. Watson D. Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: a quadripartite model. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2009;5:221–47. | link





  79. Elhai JD, Rozgonjuk D, Liu T, Yang H. Fear of missing out is related to repeated measurements of negative affect using experience sampling methodology. J Affect Disord. 2020;262:298–303. | link





  80. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:335–43. | link





  81. Lamers F, van Oppen P, Comijs HC, Smit JH, Spinhoven P, van Bolkom AJ, et al. Comorbidity patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders in a large cohort study: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:341–8. | link





  82. Cummings CM, Caporino NE, Kendall PC. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:816–45. | full-text | backup





  83. Sela Y, Zach M, Amichay-Hamburger Y, Mishali M, Omer H. Family environment and problematic internet use among adolescents: the mediating roles of depression and fear of missing out. Comput Human Behav. 2020;106:106226. | link





  84. Eastwood JD, Frischen A, Fenske MJ, Smilek D. The unengaged mind: defining boredom in terms of attention. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2012;7:482–95.| link





  85. Roberts JA, David ME. The Social media party: fear of missing out (FoMO), social media intensity, connection, and well-being. Int J Hum Comput Interact. 2020;36:386–92. | link





  86. Blackwell D, Leaman C, Tramposch R, Osborne C, Liss M. Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Pers Individ Dif. 2017;116:69–72. | link





  87. Stead H, Bibby PA. Personality, fear of missing out and problematic internet use and their relationship to subjective well-being. Comput Human Behav. 2017;76:534–40. | link





  88. Ryan R, Deci EL. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol. 2000;55:68–78. | link





  89. Koole SL, Schlinkert C, Maldei T, Baumann N. Becoming who you are: an integrative review of self-determination theory and personality systems interactions theory. J Pers. 2019;87:15–36. | full-text | backup





  90. Williams KD. Ostracism. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:425–52. | link





  91. Lahey BB. Public health significance of neuroticism. Am Psychol. 2009;64:241–56. | full-text | backup





  92. Casale S, Fioravanti G, Rugai L. Grandiose and vulnerable narcissists: who is at higher risk for social networking addiction? Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2016;19:510–5. | link





  93. Milyavskaya M, Saffran M, Hope N, Koestner R. Fear of missing out: prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO. Motiv Emot. 2018;42:725–37. | link





  94. Elhai JD, Yang H, Montag C. Cognitive- and emotion-related dysfunctional coping processes: transdiagnostic mechanisms explaining depression and anxiety’s relations with problematic smartphone use. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;6:410–7. | link





  95. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wolfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:252–66. | full-text | backup





  96. Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, Muller A, Wolfling K, Robbins TW, et al. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;104:1–10. | full-text | backup





  97. Elhai JD, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Levine JC, Picard KJ, Hall BJ. Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week. Pers Individ Dif. 2018;133:21–8. | link





  98. Montag C, Blaszkiewicz K, Lachmann B, Sariyska R, Andone I, Trendafilov B, et al. Recorded behavior as a valuable resource for diagnostics in mobile phone addiction: evidence from psychoinformatics. Behav Sci (Basel) 2015;5:434–42. | full-text | backup





  99. Rozgonjuk D, Levine JC, Hall BJ, Elhai JD. The association between problematic smartphone use, depression and anxiety symptom severity, and objectively measured smartphone use over one week. Comput Human Behav. 2018;87:10–7. | link





  100. Montag C, Elhai JD. A new agenda for personality psychology in the digital age? Pers Individ Dif. 2019;147:128–34. | link





  101. Chen J, Liang Y, Mai C, Zhong X, Qu C. General deficit in inhibitory control of excessive smartphone users: evidence from an event-related potential study. Front Psychol. 2016;7:511. | full-text | backup 





  102. Montag C, Markowetz A, Blaszkiewicz K, Andone I, Lachmann B, Sariyska R, et al. Facebook usage on smartphones and gray matter volume of the nucleus accumbens. Behav Brain Res. 2017;329:221–8. | link





  103. Montag C, Zhao Z, Sindermann C, Xu L, Fu M, Li J, et al. Internet communication disorder and the structure of the human brain: initial insights on WeChat addiction. Sci Rep. 2018;8:2155. | full-text | backup 





  104. Montag C, Becker B. Psychological and neuroscientific advances to understand Internet use disorder. Neuroforum. 2019;25:99–107. | full-text | backup





  105. Sherman LE, Hernandez LM, Greenfield PM, Dapretto M. What the brain 'Likes': neural correlates of providing feedback on social media. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2018;13:699–707. | full-text | backup





  106. Sherman LE, Payton AA, Hernandez LM, Greenfield PM, Dapretto M. The power of the Like in adolescence: effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social media. Psychol Sci. 2016;27:1027–35. | full-text | backup





  107. Dimidjian S, Barrera M, Jr, Martell C, Munoz RF, Lewinsohn PM. The origins and current status of behavioral activation treatments for depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2011;7:1–38. | link





  108. Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall BJ. Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Comput Human Behav. 2016;63:509–16. | link





  109. Fitz N, Kushlev K, Jagannathan R, Lewis T, Paliwal D, Ariely D. Batching smartphone notifications can improve well-being. Comput Human Behav. 2019; 101: 84–94. | link





  110. Fear of missing out (FOMO): overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use | full-text | full-text 2 | backup







More articles:


All Articles