The main goal of this post is to show one architecture pattern of little use in Python called " functional core - imperative wrapper ", in which functional programming is mixed with imperative programming in an attempt to negate the shortcomings of each of them. Functional languages are known to be weak when interacting with the "real world", such as user input, GUI interaction, or other I / O operations.
This approach uses Python's ability to work with functions within the functional paradigm, in which functions can be manipulated in the same way as any other object: passed as arguments to other functions, returned from functions, and included in sequences as their elements.
For those looking to brush up on functional programming in Python, I recommend following the link to my post on the basics of FP in Python.
The functional style of programming is very close to how a person thinks while solving a problem. “Let it be given x
. In order to solve the problem with this data, it is necessary to perform a series of transformations. First, apply to them f
and get the resulting data x'
. Then apply to the new data f2
and get new resulting data x''
, etc.
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, . F#:
2
|> ( fun x -> x + 5)
|> ( fun x -> x * x)
|> ( fun x -> x.ToString() )
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#
def pipe(data, *fseq):
for fn in fseq:
data = fn(data)
return data
Python:
pipe(2,
lambda x: x + 5,
lambda x: x * x,
lambda x: str(x))
:
add = lambda x: lambda y: x + y
square = lambda x: x * x
tostring = lambda x: str(x)
pipe(2,
add(5),
square,
tostring)
2 , '49'
. reduce
, , pipe .
pipe
: data
fseq
. for
. , data . .. , . pipe . .
. pipe *
. *
.
, , . ,
def my_sum(*args): #
return sum(args)
my_sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
. ,
def fun(a, b, c, d):
print(a, b, c, d)
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
fun(*my_list) #
class Factory:
def process(self, input):
raise NotImplementedError
class Extract(Factory):
def process(self, input):
print(" ...")
output = {}
return output
class Parse(Factory):
def process(self, input):
print(" ...")
output = {}
return output
class Load(Factory):
def process(self, input):
print(" ...")
output = {}
return output
pipe = {
"" : Extract(),
"" : Parse(),
"" : Load(),
}
inputs = {}
#
for name, instance in pipe.items():
inputs = instance.process(inputs)
:
... ... ...
for
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, , , .
(factorial
) (factorial_rec
). . , . .
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#
#
def main():
# ( c )
pipe(int(input(' : ')),
lambda n: (n, reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, range(1, n + 1))),
lambda tup:
print(f' {tup[0]} {tup[1]}'))
#
main()
:
: 4 (Enter)
4 24
- , .
, .. - - . . .
#
#
def get_int(msg=''):
return int(input(msg))
def main():
# 1.
def factorial_rec(n):
fn = lambda n, acc=1: acc if n == 0 else fn(n - 1, acc * n)
return n, fn(n)
# 2.
def factorial(n):
return n, reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, range(1, n + 1))
#
def indata():
def validate(n): #
if not isinstance(n, int):
raise TypeError(" .")
if not n >= 0:
raise ValueError(" >= 0.")
return n
msg = ' : '
return pipe(get_int(msg), validate)
#
def outdata():
def fn(data):
n, fact = data
print(f' {n} {fact}')
return fn
# ( )
pipe(indata(), # : - : int
factorial, # : int :
outdata()) # : : -
#
main()
:
: 4 (Enter)
4 24
:
pipe(indata(), factorial, outdata())
, .. indata
, factorial
outdata
. indata
, . factorial
, , , . outdata
. , indata , .
. -, - . -, .
:
. ,
factorial
,factorial_rec
.
pipe(indata(), factorial_rec, outdata())
, .
, – . debug
:
def debug(data):
print(data)
return data
, :
pipe(indata(), debug, factorial, debug, outdata())
, :
:
: 4 (Enter)
4
(4, 24)
4 24
, factorial
4
, (4, 24)
. , , . , debug
-, .
.
#
#
def main():
#
def fibonacci(n, x=0, y=1):
# fib n- .
fib = lambda n, x=0, y=1: x if n <= 0 else fib(n - 1, y, x + y)
# reduce acc
acc = []
reduce(lambda _, y: acc.append(fib(y)), range(n + 1))
return n, acc
#
def validate(n):
if not isinstance(n, int):
raise TypeError(" .")
if not n >= 0:
raise ValueError(" .")
if n > 10:
raise ValueError(" 10.")
return n
#
def indata():
msg = ' 10: '
return pipe(get_int(msg), validate)
#
def outdata():
def fn(data):
n, seq = data
msg = f' {n} :'
print(msg)
[print(el) for el in seq]
return fn
# ( )
pipe(indata(), fibonacci, outdata())
# .
main()
10: 10 (Enter)
10 :
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
#
#
#
def main():
#
def range_sum(data):
seq, params = data
fn = lambda start, end: 0 if start > end \
else seq[start] + fn(start + 1, end)
return fn(*params)
#
def indata():
seq = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
params = (2,5) # params - start, end
return seq, params
#
def outdata():
def f(data):
msg = ' 2 5 '
print(msg, format(data), sep='')
return f
# ( )
pipe(indata(), range_sum, outdata())
# .
main()
2 5 18
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Github. Strating Out with Python. , . ,
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Youtube « Python - ».
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