Clever Geek Handbook

Scabies mites. Past present Future. Part one

Written by Larry G. Arlian, Marjorie, S. Morgan 





Translation and adaptation: Efimov S.T.









This translation is dedicated to readers who really wanted to know about this disease.





 





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Scabies is one of the earliest human diseases, the causes of which have been known from the very beginning. This disease is caused by the itch mite  Sarcoptes scabiei , which creates passages and burrows in the epidermis of the skin of humans and many other mammals. Previously, this mite was known under the specific name Acarus scabiei  (DeGeer, 1778), but it received its current name since the founding of the genus  Sarcoptes (Latreille 1802) in 1802. Research over the past 40 years has greatly expanded our understanding of the biology of this tick species, as expressed in the interaction of the parasite with the host and in the mechanisms that this tick uses to evade the host's defense. This review highlights some of the major advances in our knowledge of biology, the genome, the set of proteins in the parasite's body produced by the tick at a given time ( proteome ), and the immunomodulatory abilities of ticks that provide the basis for disease control. Advances in the development of a blood diagnostic test to detect scabies infection and the emergence of a vaccine to protect susceptible populations from infection, or at least limit transmission of the disease, are also presented.





Origin.





 Sarcoptes scabiei, , .   ,  S. scabiei  - .  , , . , IT . , , https://habr.com/ru/post/537708/.





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,   [ 1 ] [ 2 ] 1900- .  , , (1200 . ..) [ 1 ].  [ 2 ], -  Acarus scabiei ( Sarcoptes scabiei) , 1687 . , .  - , , , .





—  , .





 









 Sarcoptes scabiei     Acarus   Acarus scabiei DeGeer, 1778.  S. scabiei.  Sarcoptes scabiei  Sarcoptoidea Sarcoptidae .   S. scabiei  Acariformes, Sarcoptiformes, Oribatida, Desmonomata Astigmata (  Dermatophagoides farinae , D. pteronyssinus  Euroglyphus maynei ) [ 3 ].





Sarcoptidae (Sarcoptinae, Teinocoptinae Diabolicoptinae), 16 118 , [ 4 , 5 ].  Sarcoptinae  Sarcoptes (1 ), Prosarcoptes (3 ), Trixacarus (3 )  Kutzerocoptes (1 ). Sarcoptes,  Trixacarus caviae  , . Trixacarus caviae - , ,  Sarcoptes [ 6 ]. Trixacarus caviae , [ 7 ].  , Sarcoptes    T. caviae  .    T. caviae ,  S. scabiei  ,  T. caviae  ,  S. scabiei,  [ 7 ].  – , () () ().  sci l1 ,  d1 T. Caviae, S. scabiei (. 1).





1





Scanning electron micrographs of female Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis (a), S. scabiei var. suis (b) and S. scabiei var. canis (c, d), on which dorsal spines, rough cuticular grooves and internal lamellar scapular setae (sci), dorsal setae (d1) and dorsal scutellum (DS) are visible. Ruler scaling: a, 100 microns; b, 10 μm; c, 100 μm; d, 10 μm
 Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis (), S. scabiei var. suis (b)  S. scabiei var. canis (c, d), , (sci), (d1) (DS).  : , 100 ; , 10 ; c, 100 ; d, 10









 S. scabiei  [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. , S. scabiei  (), (. 1 ).  (l) (d) , - .   sci, l1  d1  (. 1).





(. 1 , 2 ).  III IV - , I II , ( ), (. 2 ). .  IV , .  (III IV III ) .  (. 2).  I, II, III IV .  I, II III IV.





. 2





 Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. a  I II (c) (e), .   III IV () (S) . c c ( ) I. : , 10 ; , 10 ; c, 10
 Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. a  I II (c) (e), .   III IV () (S) . c c ( ) I. : , 10 ; , 10 ; c, 10





(capitalum) (. 2c ).  / , («») (. 3 ).  5,62 ± 1,25 2,8 ± 0,86 [ 8 ].  : 1,49 ± 0,59 0,39 ± 0,16 [ 8 ].





. 3





( )  Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis  , (a) (.)  . : 10
( )  Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis  , (a) (.)  . : 10









 S. scabiei var. hominis  .  ( ) , .  , ( , , ) , -, .  , var. canis  var. Hominis   .





(-), , . / . 30 . / [ 9].  , , , ( / ). 





, , .  , ( « »). , , , , , .  , , (var. Suis ) - [ 10 ].









 S. scabiei  , , , .  .   S. scabiei var. hominis.  12 17 [ 11 ], 17 21 [ 12 ], 7 10 [ 13 ], 9 15 [ 14 ] 15 [ 2]. ].  , 40–50 26–40 [ 2 ].





 S. scabiei var. In vivo . canis  , 10 13 [ 15 ].  50–53 .  3–4 , 2–3 .  10–15 var. suis  [ 16 ].





 S. scabiei . , , in vivo ( , ; in vitro , ).  , , , .









 Sarcoptes scabiei  , , , .  , .  , , S. Scabiei .  , , . Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis  [ 17 ].  , .





, var. canis , , , ( 1 , ) , [ 18 ].  68% 4,9 (1,93 ) , 100% 4,2 (1,65 ).  20% 11,2 (4,41 ).  , .  , , , / CO 2  .





, [ 18].  83% 5,6 (2,2 ).  ( 50% ) , , (2,5 = 1 ) .  6,5 (4,41 ) 38% , 5% 32 °C 57% , , , , , .  , , , CO2, CO2 .





Mellanby et al. [ 19 ] ,  S. scabiei var. hominis,  20 ° C 30 ° C, . Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis,  24 ° C, .  24 ° C.





, (, ) .









  .  . Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis  ( ) , [ 19 ]. , S. scabiei var. canis  63 (678 /  2 ) 100 (1076 /  2 ) ( 1).  , - , , , .





1  Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis  /









.  [ 11 ], , 272 4 . - .  .





 S. scabiei  .  Arlian et al. [ 20 ] ,  S. scabiei var. canis  15 ° C (59 ° F) (RH) 75% (. 4 ).  25 ° C (77 ° F) 1-2 RH (. 4).).  , .  , .  - ( ).  20 ° C .





. 4





The observed time to 100% mortality in the tested female populations of S. scabiei var. canis that have been exposed to certain temperature fluctuations with relative humidity (RH). The number of ticks in each test group ranged from 8 to 26. Data from [20]
100%  S. scabiei var. canis,   (RH).  8 26. [ 20 ]





,  S. scabiei var. hominis  19 10 ° C 97%, 8 10 ° C 25% [ 20 ]. Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis , 12- 4 ° C 10 ° C 95% (21 ° C 45% RH) 4 , [ 20 ].





, , .  var. canis  -25 ° C 50% 1,5 100% .  1 23% , [ 20 ]. , -15 ° C -17 ° C, ..   .





Mellanby et al. [ 19 ] . 10 30 0–90%.  49 ° C (120 ° F) 10 47,5 ° C (117,5 ° F) 30 .  - , 84,7, 30,5, 6,8, 1,7 0% 1, 2, 3, 4 5 , , 21,0–25,5 ° C 90%.  24–25 ° C 30% 63,5, 6,8 0% 1, 2 3 , .  61, 52, 35, 30 26% 5, 6, 7, 9 11 90%, 14 . , 4 2% 2 4 30%.  , .  .  2 0 ° C, 28,6% 8 .





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c .

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