For most people, ticks are only "encephalitis ticks", i.e. ixodid. The average man in the street knows almost nothing more about ticks. Ticks - we can say this is a separate world of arthropods, according to the variety of forms, lifestyle and habitats. Although they certainly do not reach the diversity of insects in this.
I would say - even in the eyes of a person with a biological education and actually zoologists (not related to arthropods), the tick is basically represented strictly in the form of a small eight-legged arthropod with a gnatosome and a six-legged larva. Only a few still mention four-legged ticks, which lost their limbs as a result of evolutionary reduction.
Until about the middle of the 20th century, ticks were considered as a single group of small arthropods "Acari". In modern scientific literature, this group is less and less viewed from the standpoint of a purely straightforward relationship. The thing is that this taxon is somewhat artificial, and includes groups of animals that are quite unrelated in origin, although closely related to each other. [one]; [2]; [24]
This means that ticks probably have two different ancestral forms. [3] Consequently, this taxon in modern literature is a polyphyletic group of arachnids. But the purely inertness (conservatism) of human thinking still forces them to be considered as a single group.
However, the issue of unity of kinship of "Acari" is not 100% resolved to this day, even with the use of molecular methods. So the monophyleticity of the origin of the mite group is supported in the third edition of the book "Manual of acarology (2009)" [30] and in the Lozano-Fernandez study in 2019. [27]
And yet "Acari" is probably a diverse diphyletic group, which is considered a subclass of arachnids, consisting of two superorders (in the 70s - 80s, both groups were just orders):
1. Acariform ticks (Actinotrichidnye);
2. () . [4]; [1]; [25]; [26]
, . , () ( ), – . , . .., . [7]: [2] , , , . [24]
[3] , , .
, , 55 000 1999 [31]). , , . 10 - 30 , [32] ( ). [5]
, – , «» . () , , . . .[32]
: «Acari», ?
, . 260 , (410 . ) (5 . ), , .
, . , , , , ( ), . [6]; [7]
, -, - Acariformes Oribatida Endeostigmata , , Endeostigmata , .
, 340 [7], - Endeostigmatan Tetrapodili .
, 65% , , , , .
, . [6] , , , , .
, , , , 150 . [6]; [7]
, « » , - , . [6]
, , , 100 .
, , , . , : , , , . , . [7]
, - , «» «cari», 2 . , .
, , .
Habelia optata , . 508 . [28]
, , , , , .
, . [8] , , «», , , , . [22]
, , , .
«» . , , ( ) , . «». [23] «Acari» .[29]
, , , . - .
, , , () , .
, , , , , , , . [9]
, «Acari», «» , , «» , - , .
, . [10]; [26]
, . , . [11]
, , , , , .
- , . [12]
, . , () .
, , [7] .
, , . [13] , , . [14] , , , . [14]
Loboquintus subsquamatus Chetverikov and Petanović, 2013 ( ). : Ch – , P – , LI LII – I, II. . 20 μm (: Chetverikov and Desnitskiy 2016)
:
1) ; ;
2) ;
3) - .
, , , .
, , . [15]
«Acari», , .
(), . [16] Cambropycnogon klausmuelleri [17] Haliestes daco , Palaeoispus, Palaeothea, Palaeopantopus , , , , , . , , , .
, - . [16]; [26] , - , .
, . «Acari» , « Opilioacarida», [30] , . .
Cambropycnogon klausmuelleri
Ammothea echinata
, . 3.000 , , 200 . [18]; [19] , 200 [20]; [21]
- , , , , . [20] , , 200 .
, , ( ) , , .
, , . , ( ), , , , .
, , (). .
,
Acari , , , Opilioacarinea
, , (, ) , , , . .
, , .
, . , , .
(https://vk.com/phanerozoi).
.
, , , , .
« -» .
, ,
, .
, , — ,
, — .
:
1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4273655/]
2) « - . . . » .. ; .URSS 2011.; ISBN 978-5-397-02126-5 . 10; § 2
3) Dabert, Miroslawa, Witalinski, Wojciech, Kazmierski, Andrzej, Olszanowski, Ziemowit, Dabert, Jacek (2010, «Molecular phylogeny of acariform mites»(Acari, Arachnida):«Strong conflict between phylogenetic signal and long-branch attraction artifacts»), .222 - 241]
4) https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2545
5) Walter D. E., H. C. Proctor. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. - University of NSW Press, Sydney and CABI, Wallingford, 1999. - ISBN 978-0-86840-529-2
6) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01647954.2018.1497085];
7) ]https://postnauka.ru/video/88099
8) « - . . . » .. ; .URSS 2011.; ISBN 978-5-397-02126-5 . 13; § 4
9) https://zooeco.com/0-dom/0-dom-a2-50-02.html
10) « - . . . » .. ; .URSS 2011.; ISBN 978-5-397-02126-5 .21; § 4
11)https://studbooks.net/1327882/meditsina/osobennostibiologiirazvitiyaparazitoformnyhkleschey
12)« - . . . » .. ; .URSS 2011.; ISBN 978-5-397-02126-5 .22; § 4.
13) . .. . - , 4. , , . 351
14) . .. . - , 4. , , . 350-356
15)« - . . . » .. ; .URSS 2011.; ISBN 978-5-397-02126-5 .48-49; § 2
16)« - . . . » .. ; .URSS 2011.; ISBN 978-5-397-02126-5 .26-27
17) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-4983.00244
18) .., (Pantopoda), , 1929, .1-555.
19) Arnaund F. and R. N. Bamber, 1987. The biology of Pycnogonida // Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 24. P. 1 – 96
20) https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/2147853
21) https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ntes/2477/
22) https://helpiks.org/8-10574.html
23) .. « » . 1949 , . 542
24) (Chelicerata, Acariformes); 2009, .. , .. . . .- 199034, ; . 922-924
25) Wheeler WC, Honeycutt RL: Paired sequence difference in ribosomal RNAs: Evolutionary and phylogenetic implications. Mol Biol Evol. 1988, 5: 90-96.
26) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2148-10-235
27) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10244-7
28) https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-017-1088-7
29) Walter (2013) «Chapter 2 The Origin of Mites: Fossil History and Relationships» . 20-24
30) Gerald W. Krantz & D. E. Walter. « Manual of Acarology» . Texas Tech University Press 2009 . ISBN 978-0-89672-620-8. . 3–5.
31) Gerald W. Krantz & DE Walter. "A Manual of Acarology " ed. Texas Tech University Press 2009 ISBN 978-0-89672-620-8. P. one
32) Yu.S. Balashov - Parasitism of ticks and insects on terrestrial vertebrates, St. Petersburg. Zoological Institute RAS, Nauka, 2009 p. 24.