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Basic ideas of encryption methods for MIMO-OFDM systems at the physical layer

I tried to explain the topic in simple language. It seems to me that to understand this material, special knowledge is not required, except for the ability to read texts in Russian and a little knowledge of mathematics. Perhaps somewhere I missed important details or told too obvious things, but this is all for the sake of general availability. Do not judge strictly. Happy reading.





Why is it so important?

, , ( , ). , . OFDM ( , ), . – , – MIMO .





, . , .





…

. OFDM- MIMO massive-MIMO , .





MIMO massive-MIMO ?

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) – , . :





  • SISO - Single Input Single Output





  • SIMO - Single Input Multiple Output





  • MISO - Multiple Input Single Output





  • MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output





, SIMO – , , . , 1000 , 5000 . , - . , MIMO , , - - .





MIMO , . , . ( ). , , , . MIMO , .





:





  • (time diversity) – .





  • (frequency diversity) – , .





  • (spatial diversity) – ( ) , , .





Y – , H – , X – , N – (AWGN- ). :





Y = HX + N

– – :





X ^ * = (H ^ TH- \ sigma ^ 2I) ^ {- 1} H ^ TY





, .





Massive-MIMO – , . 128, 256… , 2-3 . MIMO WiFi, LTE. Massive-MIMO 5G , , 6G.





. MIMO , , . , ( ).





MIMO-system OFDM .

OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing — ) – , , . .





- OFDM- : (ISI – inter-symbol interference) (ICI – inter-carrier interference).





ISI 





, , . , (guard interval).





ICI





, , . – . (CP insertion) – , , ISI, .





OFDM:









  • ( ( ), )





  • ( )





OFDM:





  • , -













, . , .





: , (CIA triangle - Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability). .





.





, . , , . :





  • .





  • – . , , .





  • (, ), , .





.





, . : , , , .





.





. , , . - DOS (Denial of Service) DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service) . .





, ( ) . . MIMO-OFDM .





, . .





: Fake client attack (FCA) Fake access point (AP) attack. 





Fake client attack. (CSI – Channel State Information). .





Fake access point attack. , - . .





. .





, . , , , .





:





  • H0 = " " H1 = " "





  • ,





  • , .





AKBA(asymmetric-key based authentication):





  • , .





h_n (t) = αh_n (t − 1) + \ sqrt {1-α ^ 2} z_n (t)

α - , z(t) - c.. .





  • , b.





  • b, - (K1, K2)





  • K1, K2, .





SKBA(symmetric-key based authentication):





  • , .





h_n (t) = αh_n (t − 1) + \ sqrt {1-α ^ 2} z_n (t)

  • . , .





  • 2N





c ^ * = argmin_ {c∈C} || h_A (2) - c || ^ 2

  • .





e = h_A (2) - c ^ *





h_B = h_B (1) - e

  • .





c ^ * = argmin_ {c∈C} || h_B - c || ^ 2

  • - , .









( , ). ( MIMO-OFDM ) . , .





.





PLA(Physical Layer Authentication)





  • , ( ).





  • t > 1 , :





ψ (t) = \ frac {1} {N {\ gamma_ {A}} ^ 2 (t)} \ sum_ {n = 1} ^ {N} {| h_n (t) -α ^ {t-1} h_n (1) | ^ 2}

  • :





ψ (t) <θ (t)

, , . , .









, , .





: , , .





, . 4 . ( ) , , , ( , ). , .









. , .









. , ( - ). . :





Y = HSX + N

N - AWGN( ), H - , X -





:





X ^ * = S ^ {- 1} H ^ {- 1} Y = X + S ^ {- 1} H ^ {- 1} N

. , , . .













, M .





M w . M





x = \ sum_ {i = 1} ^ {M} {w_ms_i}

(SINR - signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio)





\ gamma_ {k, m} = \ frac {P | h_kw_m | ^ 2} {\ sum_ {i = 1, i \ neq m} ^ {M} {P | h_kw_i | ^ 2} + \ sigma ^ 2}

P -





:





w_ {m_k} = arg max_ {1≤m≤M} {γ_ {k, m}}

  , SINR SINR. , SINR. .





.









: . . , .





(AN - Artificial Noise)





. , , .





l- :





x ^ l_ {AN} = Ω ^ l_ {ZF} u ^ l + Z ^ lv ^ lΩ ^ l_ {ZF} = (H ^ l) ^ {+}

Z SVD :





H ^ l = U ^ l Λ ^ l [V ^ l Z ^ l] ^ H

:





y ^ l = H ^ lx ^ l + n ^ l = u ^ l + H ^ ln ^ l

:





y ^ l_ {AN} = G ^ lx ^ l_ {AN} + n ^ l = G ^ l Ω ^ l_ {ZF} u ^ l + G ^ l Z ^ lv ^ l + n ^ l

(AFF - Artificial Fast Fading)





. . , .





l- :





x ^ l_ {AFF} = Ω ^ l_ {AFF} u ^ lΩ ^ l_ {AFF} = [Ω ^ l_ {rand} Ω ^ l_ {cancel}] ^ T

, : , .





Ω ^ l_ {cancel} = ({H ^ l} ​​_ {cancel}) ^ {- 1} (I - {H ^ l} ​​_ {rand} {Ω ^ l} ​​_ {rand})

:





y ^ l_ {AFF} = H ^ lx ^ l_ {AFF} + n ^ l = u ^ l + n ^ l

:





y ^ l_ {AFF} = G ^ lx ^ l_ {AFF} + n ^ l = G ^ l Ω ^ l_ {AFF} u ^ l + n ^ l









, , . , ( ), … . , .









. , . , . , , .





, .





. , . .





:

[] - What is Information Security? The Basics of Information Security





[] - Comparison Between Asymmetric and Symmetric Channel-Based Authentication for MIMO Systems





[] - A Physical Layer Security Scheme Employing Imaginary Receiver for Multiuser MIMO-OFDM Systems





[] - High security orthogonal factorized channel scrambling scheme with location information embedded for MIMO-based VLC system





[] - Mode Selection in MU-MIMO Downlink Networks: A Physical-Layer Security Perspective





[] - Virtual MIMO-based cooperative beamforming and jamming scheme for the clustered wireless sensor network security





[] - Physical Layer Authentication over MIMO Fading Wiretap Channels





[] - Virtual MIMO-based cooperative beamforming and jamming scheme for the clustered wireless sensor network security







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