OTUS is launching a new professional certification preparation program for Oracle Java Programmer (OCAJP) tomorrow . We invite you to watch the record of the free Demo-lesson "Java Data Types: Identifiers and Primitives" and continue to publish a series of articles by Vladislav Rodin - the head of the development group, teacher at MIPT and foxminded.
Introduction
The OCA (Oracle Certified Associate Java SE8 Programmer) certification offers a series of quirky assignments that test a deep understanding of how the Java programming language works. The whole block is devoted to expressions, loops and operators. We will talk about the latter today.
Operator priority
The operator accepts arguments as input and returns some values. There are unary, binary, and ternary operators. For example ,! False is unary, a + b is binary, and? : - is the only operator that takes three arguments.
The first thing to remember is the precedence of the operators:
- Post-unary operators: exception ++ and exception--
- Pre-unary operators: ++ exception and --exception
- The rest of the unary operators: +, -,!
- Multiplication, division, taking the remainder: *, /,%
- Addition and Subtraction: +, -
- Bit shift operators: <<, >>, >>>
- Comparison operators: <,>, <=,> =, instanceof
- Equality-inequality operators: ==,! =
- Logical operators: &, |, ^
- Short-circuit logical operators: &&, ||
- Ternary operator: boolean expression? expression1: expres-
sion2 - Assignment operators: =, + =, - =, * =, / =,% =, & =, ^ =,! =, << =, >> =, >>> =
Working with unary operators
We talked about binary operators last time. Today we will discuss unary operators, which follows from the title of the article. On the exam, they may offer quite complex expressions for the calculation of which you must remember the order of their execution.
Sign change and logical inversion operators
Logical inverse operator ! applies only to variables of type boolean and turns the value from true to false and vice versa. For instance:
boolean x = false;
System.out.println(x); // false
x = !x;
System.out.println(x); // true
Sign change operator - Applies only to numbers and reverses sign:
double x = 1.21;
System.out.println(x); // 1.21
x = -x;
System.out.println(x); // -1.21
x = -x;
System.out.println(x); // 1.21
Java, in contrast to the same C, clearly separates integer data types and boolean, and therefore the use of the sign change operator to boolean or the use of the logical inversion operator lead to compilation errors:
int x = !5; // DOES NOT COMPILE
boolean y = -true; // DOES NOT COMPILE
boolean z = !0; // DOES NOT COMPILE
Increment and decrement operators
The increment ++ and decrement operators are applied to integer variables and have two variations: post-increment (decrement) and pre-increment (decrement), in the code i ++ (i--) and ++ i (--i), respectively. The difference between the variations is that ++ i increments the variable and returns the new value, while i ++ returns the old value and only then increments the variable. The difference can be seen more clearly in this piece of code:
int counter = 0;
System.out.println(counter); // Outputs 0
System.out.println(++counter); // Outputs 1
System.out.println(counter); // Outputs 1
System.out.println(counter--); // Outputs 1
System.out.println(counter); // Outputs 0
On the exam, various tricky tasks may be offered, where such operators are a wagon and a small cart. For example, such a task may be offered.
What will be displayed as a result of this program?
int x = 3;
int y = ++x * 5 / x-- + --x;
System.out.println("x is " + x);
System.out.println("y is " + y);
The problem is that x changes multiple times on the same line.
To solve such problems, you can parse the expression from left to right, substituting in the expression what the operators return, and separately fixing the value of the variable being changed. For example, like this:
int y = 4 * 5 / x-- + --x; // x assigned value of 4
int y = 4 * 5 / 4 + --x; // x assigned value of 3
int y = 4 * 5 / 4 + 2; // x assigned value of 2
As you can see, all of the above rules for applying operators apply. The result will be the following:
x is 2
y is 7
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