But a difficult fate brought you to Innocent. Kesha is a third generation hunter. He lives in Moscow, and goes hunting not just anywhere, but to the Rostov region or Karelia, where untouched nature, virgin forests and virgin bushes, where even ecologists are virgins and ducks fly by, like in fairy tales about Ivanushki. And so, then, you are flying, drake, on a Moscow-Petrozavodsk flight, and like bang! Flash left, right, and darkness. You are knocked down by a burst of 50 coarse shots (Kesha loves weapons and bought a drum magazine for his Saiga abroad, which is generally illegal in the Russian Federation). And now, after a couple of days, Kesha takes your corpse back to Moscow, where you were on Monday, and, carefully picking out 2 kg of lead from a 1 kg carcass, he begins to find everything in your guts. From a Turkish keychain and Romanian gold from the bottom of a swamp to Moscow helminths."How so?" - Innokenty is surprised - “the nature!”. You would have shot a pigeon in the yard, I would have answered him. Or I would immediately start catching ducks at Chistye Prudy or in the Moscow Zoo - one devil, a migratory bird, she has your Wishlist to her tail.
This odd introduction is nothing more than an introduction to wildlife zoonoses, or why hunting isn't all that fun. Welcome, I am ScientaeVulgaris and this is my blog. It's interesting and scary here.
Zoonotic pathogens, roughly speaking, are diseases that are transmitted by animals, which can act as reservoirs, and in reality they regularly appear, while it is not at all necessary that the animals themselves experience the slightest discomfort. The prospect of infection by a pathogen depends on a number of factors and increases with the number of such fluffy and feathered carrier reservoirs, the proportion of those infected within the population, the rate of contact between the reservoir and / or vector and the new host, and the likelihood of transmission during each contact.
The list of zoonotic pathogens is enormous, and the mastodons on this list are very famous even among ordinary people far from medicine. These are diseases such as rabies, hantavirus, leptospirosis, brucellosis, salmonellosis, psittacosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, trichinosis, and even the bad old plague (yes, we are just a random carrier for it). And this is without taking into account the banal and ubiquitous parasites. All of this wide variety can be transmitted to humans from wild animals directly by bites or infection through ingestion, personal contact, or indirectly through the bites of infected vectors such as mosquitoes (Eastern equine encephalitis and Western equine encephalitis), ticks (Colorado tick fever, spotted fever Rocky mountains, tularemia, etc.), fleas (plague, mouse typhus). Simply put, even if the sick animal is dead,and having shot some tern, you not only perform a ritual dance around the mortal body, but also put on personal protective equipment along the way, this does not mean that the passengers of the tern have not moved to you.
And, if at the words "dangerous hunt" you imagined a tur, an elephant or a bear, or at worst a wild boar, then okstyte. To get sick, it is not necessary to climb into the carcass of a 500 kg piggy with your bare hands. and spend the night in it, playing Jedi. Even the smallest wild species are quite decent reservoirs. Trying to snuff an unfortunate wild hamster out of your slingshot can cost you health, if not yours. In general, mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, steppe dogs, chipmunks and guinea pigs are the backbone of rodents of the order Rodentia, which can transmit about 60 infectious diseases to humans through urine, feces, or indirectly through ticks and fleas. These are the elite troops of zoonoses, these rodents carry and give away such spectacular ailments as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (a cold that turns into pneumonitis and bleeding - hamsters spread),hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (transmitted from Russian voles and rats, into the epithelium of blood vessels, grows into multiple organ failure, necrosis and death), Tula virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Lassa fever, and many, many interesting, albeit not so dangerous, as already listed.
But the mice are creeping. And that's not half as bad as bats. Having its own unique characteristics: the only mammal that can fly; the social structure of the colony; long lifespan in relation to size and metabolic rate; effective use of suspended animation and sleep; dense population, colonial roosts - all this creates a bioreactor out of bats and a reservoir for the most dangerous diseases. From rabies and its 15 brothers from lyssaviruses, each of whom is almost a living contender for a very action-packed story of the end of the world, to coronavirus - severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and “himself” Covid. Also, Hendra viruses (influenza symptoms that turn into encephalitis and death in 57% of cases, Nipah, Ebola (no need to be introduced) and Marburg viruses (Ebola brothers) can also “hide” in mice.There are also influenza A virus and various paramyxoviruses (this is a family with measles and all kinds of animal distemper). And besides viruses, there are also bacteria, for example Bartonella (from trench fever to carrion's disease with an acute phase of numerous sepsis). And there are also fungal: Histoplasma capsulatum and Geomyces destructans. As you can see, the list is funny, if it bites somewhere, and it seems to you that you have become Batman, most likely you are already in intensive care, you are dreaming about it and something is already denying you somewhere ...if it bites you somewhere, and it seems to you that you have become a batman, most likely you are already in intensive care, you are dreaming about it and something somewhere is already denying you ...if it bites somewhere, and it seems to you that you have become Batman, most likely you are already in intensive care, you are dreaming about it and something somewhere else is already denying you ...
The metagenomic analysis done to establish a complete viriome in bats could identify many more viruses harboring the flying messengers of the night. Indeed, even without it, we know about cases of infection from bats through the arthropods inhabiting them - alphaviruses (Chikungunya), flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis virus) and bunyaviruses (rift valley fever).
Where, it would seem, in such a small animal so much "shit"? Well, from the point of view of the mouse, these viruses and bacteria are harmless, if not commensal to her, if only because they live with mice for a very, very long time and have adapted to each other for a long time. But when such reservoirs begin to move or come into contact with someone, the main epidemiological difficulties begin.
For example, the classic variants of zoonosis: transmission of rabies by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) on the European continent or tuberculosis in cattle by badgers (Meles meles). By itself, a fox or a badger would die, but when people live nearby, contact is almost inevitable. Sometimes this is also influenced by local technical difficulties. In the case of leptospirosis, for example, we are talking about cleaning soil or water contaminated with an infectious agent. Or, as with tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile fever, vector control is almost impossible. We don't even always know who the natural reservoir of certain diseases is.
What is it that unites such northern inhabitants as moose and wild boars with African buffaloes? At least some kind of reservoir that replenishes the ranks of sick animals of these species. Researching and searching for reservoirs is not a trivial task. For example, purebred bison, which no one touches or climbs to them, in the Henry Mountains in southern Utah, are free of brucellosis, and the National Moose Sanctuary in Jackson, Wyoming, on the contrary, suffers from an abundance of patients, claiming that it sees no correlation. with population and climate, and with the intensity of the winter feeding program. They say it is the concentration of animals around the feeding areas that accelerates the spread of the disease.
Brucellosis today, in most cases, is an occupational disease of farm workers or lovers of farm unfinished cheese. Hunters can become ill from contact with susceptible animals, including predators that may have fed on infected prey. Infection can occur through contact with open wounds or through direct inhalation of bacteria while cleaning game, and in some cases, it leads to the consumption of undercooked game. What awaits you if you butcher deer and elk on site in the Rambo style, and then eat bloody steaks? The symptoms will be similar to those of many other febrile illnesses, but with an emphasis on muscle pain and night sweats. The duration of the illness can vary from a few weeks to many months or even years.
The classic triad of wave-like fevers is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and abdominal pain. The "bouquet" may include constipation or diarrhea, an enlarged liver, its inflammation and abscess, as well as an enlarged spleen. In this case, the disease can turn into a focal or chronic form, which will greatly complicate the ability for an amateur hunter to track down ungulates. The consequences of Brucella infection vary widely and can include arthritis, meningitis, uveitis, optic neuritis, endocarditis, spondylitis, and various neurological disorders collectively known as neurobrucellosis, which includes depression.
So, if you once killed and ate a wild boar in a wild forest, and then 10 years later you have arthritis and longing in your heart, maybe these events are more closely related than it seems.
Bacterial zoonoses in general, and brucellosis in particular, are of great importance due to the involvement of secondary hosts, such as some predators and scavengers, which potentially transmit the disease to humans (the same problem exists with anthrax). But sometimes it works the other way around. I'm talking about the transmission of disease from humans to the wild, as is the case with various protozoal diseases, such as giardiasis in bandicoot (marsupial badger) and cryptosporidiosis in mountain gorillas.
Photo hunting
Travel and tourism play a significant role in the increase in the number of cases of zoonosis. In the modern world, this industry before the pandemic had some of the highest growth rates, including various safaris, extreme sports, sports tourism and ecotourism in tropical Muhosranjski. But in this area, not only big money is traditionally spinning, but also “big” diseases, for that matter. Eco-tourists, extreme lovers, wild nature lovers, naturalists of all stripes, from “Oh my God, what a mouse!” To “photo with a parrot” bring traditional seasonal novelties to zoonoses. The mobility and curiosity of people has led to a change in the spread of disease. It is a person who is capable of spreading a new disease among his population better than any duck. Vaccination of people visiting dangerous regions at their own peril and risk has long gone out of control,as well as his contacts with her. The illegal trade in live and dead wild animals only adds to the mosaic of zoonotic diseases in various parts of the world. Step by step, the world found itself under a single umbrella of zoonotic diseases, from under which it is already impossible to get out.
If we talk about the tropics, the most famous example of atypical pneumonia in China, from a single contact with the palm civet (Paguma larvata). Safari lovers can, for example, be pleased with the hit of recent seasons - South African tick fever , a type of rickettsiosis. Rickettsiae are parasites that live inside the cells of the human body and cause infectious diseases with a whole bunch of symptoms. They are transmitted, as a rule, by blood-sucking parasites (ticks, fleas), which an unwary eco-amateur / hunter can pick up in the wild and not notice.
Another example of a disease that can be quietly carried away from hot countries is Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 ( herpesvirus B), contact with macaques while traveling to Asian countries - whether you decide to stroke them, feed them, take them home, take a photo for eternal memory - can lead to a fatal disease.
In a natural host, the virus appears much like the herpes simplex virus (HSV) in humans. But when a person becomes infected with macaque herpes, he can get a serious illness of the central nervous system, which leads to permanent neurological dysfunction or death. The severity of the disease increases, if the patient is not treated, the mortality rate is about 80%. Fortunately, even in endemic areas, cases of human disease from macaques with this virus are rare, well, the seeker finds it. Be sure to remember my article when you set out to explore the temples of Southeast Asia and encounter a macaque pulling a skinny hairy hand towards you.
... The most important reservoirs are small mammals, large herbivores are second on the list, but by and large, pathogenic Leptospira species can be found anywhere, these are hundreds of mammalian species, including bats and pinnipeds, and in poikilothermic animals such as frogs and toads. Entry portals include cuts and abrasions, mucous membranes such as the conjunctival, oral, or genital surfaces (how do I know why you need this deer). Exposure can occur either through direct contact with an infected animal, or indirectly through soil or water contaminated with the urine of an infected animal. The magnitude of the risk depends on the local prevalence of leptospiral carriage, as well as the degree and frequency of infection. Once bacteria enter the human body, they enter the bloodstream,there they attach to the endothelial cells of blood vessels and the extracellular matrix (a complex network of proteins and carbohydrates present between cells), use their flagella to move between layers of cells, bind to cells such as fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells and epithelial cells of the kidney, spread across throughout the body and multiply, multiply ... until immunity, drugs or leptospira win.
Most of these infections can be prevented by using appropriate personal protective equipment such as rubber boots, gloves, and safety glasses at work and meat processing areas. But the hunt for that and the hunt is that she is "muzhitsky" and primitive. SV has never seen a single hunter wearing a mask, glasses or a robe ...
Leptospirosis is common in all regions except the Arctic, although it belongs to the group of so-called neglected diseases. More than half of the cases of the disease are severe and require resuscitation measures. It can leak through your body in two ways. Icteric: the incubation period is 1-2 weeks, the onset is acute, the temperature is up to 40, general weakness, the sclera are injected, from 2-3 days the liver increases, sometimes the spleen, intense muscle pains appear (in the calf muscles). From 4-5 days, oliguria (less urine) occurs, and then anuria (no urine). On the part of the cardiovascular system, tachycardia appears, there may be infectious myocarditis, and hemorrhagic syndrome (more often in internal organs) and, therefore, anemia appears. Anicteric: incubation period 4-10 days. The temperature rises, weakness,meningeal symptoms, oliguria, liver enlargement appear.
Against this background, the statistics of various world triathlon and sprint competitions of survivalists, where the healthiest and most restless test themselves in action and not anywhere in the Murmansk tundra, but certainly in the tropics, where it is warm and good, especially "delivers" All types of water sports are on the list of dangerous, including caving, canoeing, kayaking, rafting and triathlon. To give you an idea of my irony, 80 and 98 cases of leptospirosis were reported in the 2000 Eco-Challenge and the Springfield Triathlon in 1998, respectively.
Tuberculosis
Did you know that tuberculosis can also be zoonotic? Rather, there are two of them. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (human) and Mycobacterium bovis (animal), and now we can get sick with both. Infection of humans with M. bovis is called “zoonotic tuberculosis”. In 2017, the World Health Organization, the World Organization for Animal Health, and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease published the first Zoonotic Tuberculosis Roadmap, recognizing it as a major global health problem. The main route of transmission is through the consumption of unpasteurized milk or other dairy products (hurray for ecotourists!), In second place is transmission through the respiratory tract, and the consumption of poorly cooked meat (hunts, hello!). In 2018, according to the latest report on global tuberculosis,there have been about 142,000 new cases of zoonotic tuberculosis of which 12,500 are fatal. Cases of zoonotic tuberculosis have been reported in Africa, North and South America, and Europe. Traditionally, regions that lack adequate disease control measures are at higher risk. In practice, even with all modern diagnostic methods, it is difficult to clinically distinguish zoonotic tuberculosis from tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans, which contributes to an underestimation of the total number of cases worldwide. A whole program has been developed to combat this disease. Well, yes, you and I do not know that a political program is not even half the success.without adequate disease control measures are at higher risk. In practice, even with all modern diagnostic methods, it is difficult to clinically distinguish zoonotic tuberculosis from tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans, which contributes to an underestimation of the total number of cases worldwide. A whole program has been developed to combat this disease. Well, yes, you and I do not know that a political program is not even half the success.that lack adequate disease control measures are at higher risk. In practice, even with all modern diagnostic methods, it is difficult to clinically distinguish zoonotic tuberculosis from tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans, which contributes to an underestimation of the total number of cases worldwide. A whole program has been developed to combat this disease. Well, yes, you and I do not know that a political program is not even half the success.A whole program has been developed to combat this disease. Well, yes, you and I do not know that a political program is not even half the success.A whole program has been developed to combat this disease. Well, yes, you and I do not know that a political program is not even half the success.
M. bovis is usually transmitted to humans by eating raw infected cow's milk, and how if a killed moose cow is not milked and eaten raw, then there is no problem? Depends on the situation, in the UK, for example, cattle are being screened as part of the TB control program. If the test is positive, these livestock are culled for milk production, but can still enter the human food chain as meat.
Is it only hunting?
As of 2015, tuberculosis is widespread among captive elephants in the United States. It is believed that animals originally contracted from humans, a process called reverse zoonosis. Since the disease can spread through the air, it has become a real problem for circuses and zoos. But the fight against tuberculosis in animals began naturally with animal husbandry. In the first half of the 20th century, M. bovis caused more losses in farm animals than all other infectious diseases combined. Today, it affects a wide range of hosts, including humans, cattle, deer, llamas, pigs, cats, wild carnivores (wolves, foxes) and omnivores (mustelids and rodents). However, the disease rarely affects equids or sheep. The disease can be transmitted in several ways: for example, with exhaled air, sputum, urine,feces and pus. Therefore, the disease can be transmitted through direct contact, and even through contact with the faeces of an infected animal.
(Echinococcus granulosis)
An excellent example of the mysteriousness of transmission paths. Oddly enough, it is transmitted from a very wide range of animals, from giraffes, warthogs, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, deer, camels, wildebeest and even kangaroos. The emergence of E. granulosus has been documented in at least 100 countries on all continents except Antarctica. However, a real problem arises in countries with a high endemic incidence - these are Russia, the Middle East, China, the Mediterranean, north and east Africa, and southern Latin America. In some European countries, the incidence ranges from less than one case to more than 8 cases per 100,000 population per year. Risk factors and demographics vary, but show a more or less stable trend. In Latvia, for example, from 2002 to 2012, a total of 93 patients were diagnosed,of these, 73% were women aged 56–65, 72% were rural residents, 56% had a dog and 35% were cattle breeders. In Jordan and Kyrgyzstan, drinking water was identified as the main risk factor. In Wales, no association has been demonstrated between the presence of a dog or agriculture and disease in humans.
Echinococcus granulosus, also called “hydatid echinococcosis,” “hyper tapeworm,” or “canine tapeworm,” is a type of tapeworm of the order Cyclophyllid that lives in the small intestine of canines in adulthood, but has important intermediate stages within livestock and humans. which it causes echinococcosis.
An adult tapeworm is 3 to 6 mm long and has many proglottids (“segments”) that go through three stages: immature, mature, and pregnant. The average number of eggs per proglottid in the gestation stage is 823. Like all cyclophyllids, E. granulosus has four suckers on the scolex ("head"). Several strains of E. granulosus have been identified and all but two have been reported infectious to humans.
The life cycle of E. granulosus includes dogs and wild predators as the ultimate hosts for the adult tapeworm. Ultimate hosts are where parasites mature and reproduce. Large mammals, including humans, serve as intermediate hosts. If a person eats something infected with echinococcus eggs, then in the intestines of the intermediate host, a larva emerges from the egg - the oncosphere. Through the intestinal wall, it enters the blood supply system and is carried into the liver, lungs, muscles, bones or other organs. Here it develops into the vesicular stage, which is also called echinococcus, forms a bubble, and sits until the intermediate carrier is eaten by the final one. It's like a stranger, literally, a predator waiting for its prey to finally hatch.An egg slowly ripening inside you ... Due to the relatively short lifespan of sheep, cysts grow in them the size of a ping-pong ball, in horses - the size of a tennis ball. What can a person have? It depends on how long you live.
Such different worms
In fact, it's not all that bad. We don't have as much in common with birds or large horns as the creatures that inhabit them would like. And if so, then in most cases they either will not take root, or we will be an intermediate stage for them, and a stranger will never come out. For example, the absolutely beautiful animal Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (also known as meningeal worm or brainworm) is a neurotropic nematode parasite of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, elk (Alces alces), red deer (Cervus canadensis), caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and others.
The real hell is gadfly larvae in the nasal cavity of large deer, where these buzzing bastards lay their eggs. If you want to lose weight, google nasal bots on YouTube, even SV merged in the video with sick cats. But in some places there are exceptions, where without them. For example, Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis) - a parasitic disease of reptiles, birds, caused by protists of the genus Sarcocystis (sarcocysts), has traditionally been considered safe for humans, although you cannot name an appetizing chicken breast with cysts in the muscles. In total, less than 100 cases of invasions were published before the search began to be systematic and, as it turned out, these figures greatly underestimate the burden of disease borne by humanity. Stool studies in Thai workers have shown that sarcocystic infection has a prevalence of about 23%. Almost all cases were asymptomatic, which is probablyexplains the lack of recognition. So, if you do not complain about parasites, this does not mean that they are not there, it means that they are good with you.
Tularemia
Also known as rabbit fever, it is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. The bacterium is usually spread by ticks, flies, or through contact with infected animals. F. tularensis is found in birds, reptiles, fish, invertebrates, and mammals, including humans.
F. tularensis can be infected in several ways. The main entrances for infection through the blood and the respiratory system, most often in contact with the skin, acquire the ulcerative form of the disease. Inhalation of bacteria can lead to potentially fatal pulmonary tularemia. But you can always become a pioneer in this area and help a young infectious disease specialist write a dissertation, because other ways of infection, albeit rare, are described, including oropharyngeal infection due to the consumption of contaminated food and conjunctival infection due to inoculation into the eye.
Prevention consists of the use of repellents, wearing appropriate closed clothing, removing ticks quickly and avoiding contact with infected animals, even dead ones. Between the 1970s and 2015, about 200 infections are reported annually in the United States. Men get sick more often than women, and most often in young and middle age, most infections occur in the summer. The disease is named after Tulare County, California, where the disease was first discovered in 1911.
Depending on the focus of infection, tularemia has several characteristic clinical variants: ulcerative (the most common type, representing 75% of all forms, I personally began to frantically search for what it is when I saw exactly an ulcer on one of the eared ones), glandular, oropharyngeal, pulmonary, oculoglandular and abdominal. The incubation period for tularemia is 1 to 14 days, with most human infections occurring within 3-5 days. In most susceptible mammals, clinical signs include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, signs of sepsis, and death. In non-human mammals, the skin lesions seen in humans are rare. Fever is moderate to very high and tularemia bacilli can be isolated from blood cultures at this stage. The face and eyes become red and inflamed.Have you ever seen a hare with a red face? This is my word about field diagnostics in practice. The inflammation spreads to the lymph nodes, which become enlarged and may suppurate (resembling the bubonic plague). The defeat of the lymph nodes is accompanied by a high fever.
Ornithosis
Let's go back to our drake. First, migratory birds and poultry are two important contributors to the spread of avian influenza and pandemic infections. Secondly, Kesha from hunting could bring not only ducks, bird flu, but also a surprise in the form of chlamydia. It would seem, from where, Innokenty ?! We saw those ducks with silicone, but no. Chlamydia psittaci is a deadly intracellular bacterial species that can cause avian chlamydia and respiratory psittacosis in humans.
So before divorce you need to Google the strain. Potential hosts for Chlamydia psittaci include wild and domestic birds, especially parrots, but also cattle, pigs, sheep and horses. C. psittaci is transmitted by inhalation, contact or ingestion in birds and mammals. Psittacosis in birds and humans often begins with flu symptoms and becomes life-threatening, resulting in pneumonia. Many strains remain dormant in birds until they are activated by stress (in the form of a 2 kg shot). Birds are excellent carriers, as they are highly mobile and easily caught when hunting them with other species. The genotypes of C. psittaci known in 2012 were isolated from the following birds: cockatoo, budgerigar, lorises, pigeons, ducks, geese, turkeys.
In Germany, about 200 people fall ill with psittacosis every year. As a rule, these are the owners or breeders of decorative birds. Psittacosis is recognized as an occupational disease for those involved in the poultry industry. Typical manifestations of Chlamydophila psittaci infection are sudden onset of fever, with headache as the main symptom, muscle pain, unproductive dry cough and shortness of breath.
Trichinosis
I left it for you for dessert. After all, this is a free gift to the most expensive trophy animals. It is a parasitic disease caused by Trichinella-type roundworms. During the initial infection, invasion of the intestines by Trichinella spp. Can lead to diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The migration of larvae to muscle, which occurs about a week after infection, can cause facial swelling, inflammation of the whites of the eyes, fever, muscle aches and rashes. Most dangerous, a minor infection may be asymptomatic, and subsequent complications may include inflammation of the heart muscle, central nervous system damage, and pneumonia.
Trichinosis is mainly spread by eating undercooked meat containing Trichinella cysts. Most often it is pork, or rather wild boar, but infection can also occur from the meat of bears and dogs. Several species of Trichinella may cause disease, but T. spiralis is the most common. After eating, the larvae emerge from the cysts in the stomach, then they penetrate the wall of the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. After a week, the females release new larvae, which migrate to randomly selected muscles, where they form cysts. Diagnosis is usually symptomatic and confirmed by detection of specific antibodies in the blood or larvae on tissue biopsy.
The best way to prevent trichinosis is to cook the meat to a “very very well-done” state, that is, completely cooked at a sufficient temperature, which can be checked with a regular thermometer. But this is the trouble, because not everyone wants to drag the trophy to a veterinary examination, or overcook fresh meat.
Worldwide, about 10,000 cases of trichinosis occur annually. In at least 55 countries, including the United States, China, Argentina and Russia.
How to be?
Surveillance of epidemics in wild animals is much more difficult than in domestic animals. There are many obstacles to monitoring wildlife diseases such as political, legal (closed borders), lack of basic knowledge about disease, pathogen and host. Understanding the ecological patterns of disease spread and identifying factors associated with the host-agent-environment relationship is of paramount importance. The programs established in Denmark and Sweden in 1930-1940 were among the first surveillance programs for wildlife diseases, based on the examination of dead animals submitted to national veterinary laboratories. A classic example is the collection of samples for diagnosis and information in the event of fox rabies.Unified health care and surveillance using geographic information systems (GIS) and satellite-tracked global positioning systems (GPS) are now gaining popularity to track cases, incidents and outbreaks and predict risk factors.
It should also be remembered that the conservation of wild species and habitats is critical to the conservation of vital ecosystems and ecological sustainability, which should lead to a reduction in the spread of pathogens from wildlife to humans and, as a consequence, to a decrease in zoonoses. Wildlife-borne infectious diseases have a serious impact on human health, resulting in huge economic losses. Wildlife accounts for over 70% of all emerging infections. Unbalanced and selective exploitation of forests, aggressive development of agriculture associated with an increase in exports and imports of wild animal products are considered the leading factors in the occurrence of zoonoses. The growth of ecotourism, often in primitive conditions with limited hygiene and contact with exotic animals,can also cause the spread of zoonoses. The development of surveillance and monitoring programs for emerging diseases in wild sources is essential. Wildlife disease monitoring programs, integrated into the infrastructure of existing national veterinary surveillance systems, would enable a rapid response to unusual wildlife deaths and thus facilitate research into new diseases by preventing transmission to humans.would enable a rapid response to unusual wildlife deaths and thus facilitate research into new diseases, preventing their transfer to humans.would enable a rapid response to unusual wildlife deaths and thus facilitate research into new diseases, preventing their transfer to humans.
It is the awareness raising that should teach people to think, before stroking a monkey on the head, to eat a wild duck or bat that has just been killed. While the world counts the victims of the global pandemic, SV recalls what actually remains behind the scenes. The issue is not food, and not pan-Asian cuisine, the issue is excessive consumption, lack of education and uncontrolled globalization of the animal world.
Thanks for reading to the end.
Yours, SV.