Introduction

This article is a translation of a chapter from Rainer Grimm's book Concurrency with Modern C ++ , which is a more refined and extensive version of the article on his website . Since the entire translation does not fit within the framework of this article, depending on the reaction to the publication, I will post the rest.

Coroutines

Coroutines are functions that can pause or resume their execution while maintaining their state. The evolution of functions in C ++ has taken a step forward. Coroutinesmost likely to include entered C ++ 20.

The idea of ​​coroutines, introduced as new in C ++ 20, is pretty old. The concept of coroutine was proposed by Melvin Conway . He used this concept in his 1963 compiler design publication. Donald Knuth called procedures a special case of coroutines. Sometimes it takes time for this or that idea to be accepted.

With new keywords co_awaitand co_yieldC ++ 20, it expands the concept of function execution in C ++ with two new concepts.

Thanks to it co_await expression, it becomes possible to pause and resume execution expression. When used co_await expressionin a function, the funccall is auto getResult = func()not blocking if the result of the given function is not available. Instead of a resource-consuming blocking, a resource-friendly waiting is performed.

co_yield expressionallows you to implement generator functions. Generators are functions that return a new value with each subsequent call. The generator function is similar to data streams from which values ​​can be retrieved. Data streams can be endless. Thus, these concepts are fundamental to lazy evaluation in C ++.

Generator functions

. getNumbers begin end inc. begin end, inc .

// greedyGenerator.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

std::vector<int> getNumbers(int begin, int end, int inc = 1) {
    std::vector<int> numbers; // (1)
    for (int i = begin; i < end; i += inc) {
        numbers.push_back(i);
    }
    return numbers;
}

int main() {
    const auto numbers = getNumbers(-10, 11);
    for (auto n : numbers) {
        std::cout << n << " ";
    }
    std::cout << "\n";

    for (auto n : getNumbers(0, 101, 5)) {
        std::cout << n << " ";
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
}

, getNumbers , std::iota C++11.

, :

$ ./greedyGenerator
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 

. -, numbers (. (1) ) . 5 1000 . -, getNumbers .

// lazyGenerator.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

generator<int> generatorForNumbers(int begin, int inc = 1) {
    for (int i = begin; ; i += inc) { // (4)
        co_yield i; // (3)
    }
}

int main() {
    const auto numbers = generatorForNumbers(-10); // (1)
    for (int i = 1; i <= 20; ++i) { // (5)
        std::cout << numbers << " ";
    }
    std::cout << "\n";

    for (auto n : generatorForNumbers(0, 5)) { // (2)
        std::cout << n << " ";
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
}

: , .. . .

, getNumbers greedyGenerator.cpp std::vector<int>, generatorForNumbers lazyGenerator.cpp generator. numbers (1) generatorForNumbers(0, 5) (2) . Range-based for . , i co_yield i (. (3)) . , .

generatorForNumbers(0, 5) (. (2)) (just-in-place usage).

. generatorForNumbers , for (4) . , .., , (5) . , , (2) .

- . - , , , . , , . , .

C++20 , (first-class) (stackless).

. , .

. , .

. . (resumable functions).

.

:

• ( ).
• , .
• .
• c , , , , .
• .

, . , - 1MB Windows 2MB Linux.

• co_return
• co_await
• co_yield
• co_await expression range-based for

return . (auto), ().

, constexpr , , main .

proposal N4628.

co_return, co_yield co_await

co_return .

co_yield . generator<int> generatorForNumbers(int begin, int inc = 1) generator<int> promise p , co_yield i co_await p.yield_value(i).co_yield i . .

co_await , . exp co_await exp , , ( awaitables). exp , : await_ready, await_suspend await_resume.

C++20 2 awaitables: std::suspend_always std::suspend_never.

std::suspend_always

struct suspend_always {
    constexpr bool await_ready() const noexcept { return false; }
    constexpr void await_suspend(coroutine_handle<>) const noexcept {}
    constexpr void await_resume() const noexcept {}
};

, awaitable std::suspend_always , await_ready false. std::suspend_never.

std::suspend_never

struct suspend_never {
    constexpr bool await_ready() const noexcept { return true; }
    constexpr void await_suspend(coroutine_handle<>) const noexcept {}
    constexpr void await_resume() const noexcept {}
};

co_await .

Acceptor acceptor{443};
while (true) {
    Socket socket = acceptor.accept();          // blocking
    auto request = socket.read();               // blocking
    auto response = handleRequest(request);
    socket.write(response);                     // blocking
}

. 443 , , . .

co_await .

Acceptor acceptor{443};
while (true) {
    Socket socket = co_await acceptor.accept();
    auto request = co_await socket.read();
    auto response = handleRequest(request);
    co_await socket.write(response);
}

20 , . .

: promise , handle frame .

Promise .

Handle handle frame .

Frame , . promise , , (suspention point), , , .

:

1. .
2. frame .

workflow

co_return co_yield co_await .

{
    Promise promise;
    co_await promise.initial_suspend();
    try {
        < >
    } catch (...) {
        promise.unhandled_exception();
    }
FinalSuspend:
    co_await promise.final_suspend();
}

Workflow :

• 
  
  
  • frame .
  • frame .
  • promise promise.
  • promise.get_return_object() handle . .
  • promise.initial_suspend() co_await . promise suspend_never suspend_always .
  • co_await promise.initial_suspend()
• 
  
  
  • promise.get_return_object()
• co_return
  
  
  • promise.return_void() co_return co_return expression, expression void
  • called promise.return_value(expression)for co_return expression, where expressionis of type other thanvoid
  • deletes the entire stack of created variables
  • called promise.final_suspend()and expected co_awaitresults
• The coroutine is destroyed (via completion via co_return, an unhandled exception, or via the coroutine handle)
  
  
  • the destructor of the promise object is called
  • the destructor of the function parameters is called
  • frees memory used by coroutine frame
  • passing execution to the caller

When the coroutine ends with an unhandled exception, the following happens:

• the exception is caught and called promise.unhandled_exception()from the catch block
• called promise.final_suspend()and expected co_awaitresult

Part 2