🖕🏾 👲🏽 🔲 Docker and everything, everything, everything 🕴️ 🐎 🤮

TL; DR: An overview article guide to comparing environments for running applications in containers. The capabilities of Docker and other similar systems will be considered.

A bit of history, where it all came from

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1.11 Docker , : , , API. 1.11 Docker , : containerd, ( , , , , ) runC, , cgroups Linux. docker , API, containerd.

docker docker-machine, docker ( ) , .

2018 , Linux — .

, Ansible , .

Centos 7, , :

# yum install -y yum-utils
# yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
# yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

, :

# systemctl enable docker
# systemctl start docker
# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=2377/tcp --permanent

docker, docker sudo, , API , firewall ( , , — ), .

docker machine docker registry, , docker compose — , YAML ( , ).

CI\CD. — , swarm mode ( 1.12 docker swarm), . , , .

YAML docker compose , . Kubernetes, swarm mode Kubernetes. runC Kata containers

Docker

, GitLab Docker Registry . , GlusterFS, docker volumes, docker registry. : Docker Registry, Postgresql, Redis, GitLab GitLab Runner Swarm. Postgresql Stolon, Postgresql GlusterFS. GlusterFS.

GlusterFS ( node1, node2, node3) , firewall, :

# yum -y install centos-release-gluster7
# yum -y install glusterfs-server
# systemctl enable glusterd
# systemctl start glusterd
# firewall-cmd --add-service=glusterfs --permanent
# firewall-cmd --reload
# mkdir -p /srv/gluster
# mkdir -p /srv/docker
# echo "$(hostname):/docker /srv/docker glusterfs defaults,_netdev 0 0" >> /etc/fstab

GlusterFS , node1:

# gluster peer probe node2
# gluster peer probe node3
# gluster volume create docker replica 3 node1:/srv/gluster node2:/srv/gluster node3:/srv/gluster force
# gluster volume start docker

volume ( ):

# mount /srv/docker

swarm mode , Leader, , .

, node1:

# docker swarm init
Swarm initialized: current node (a5jpfrh5uvo7svzz1ajduokyq) is now a manager.

To add a worker to this swarm, run the following command:

    docker swarm join --token SWMTKN-1-0c5mf7mvzc7o7vjk0wngno2dy70xs95tovfxbv4tqt9280toku-863hyosdlzvd76trfptd4xnzd xx.xx.xx.xx:2377

To add a manager to this swarm, run 'docker swarm join-token manager' and follow the instructions.
# docker swarm join-token manager

, node2 node3:

# docker swarm join --token SWMTKN-x-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxx xx.xx.xx.xx:2377
This node joined a swarm as a manager.

, , node1, .

# docker network create --driver=overlay etcd
# docker network create --driver=overlay pgsql
# docker network create --driver=overlay redis
# docker network create --driver=overlay traefik
# docker network create --driver=overlay gitlab

, :

# docker node update --label-add nodename=node1 node1
# docker node update --label-add nodename=node2 node2
# docker node update --label-add nodename=node3 node3

etcd, KV-, Traefik Stolon. Postgresql , :

# mkdir -p /srv/etcd

etcd :

00etcd.yml

version: '3.7'

services:
  etcd1:
    image: quay.io/coreos/etcd:latest
    hostname: etcd1
    command:
      - etcd
      - --name=etcd1
      - --data-dir=/data.etcd
      - --advertise-client-urls=http://etcd1:2379
      - --listen-client-urls=http://0.0.0.0:2379
      - --initial-advertise-peer-urls=http://etcd1:2380
      - --listen-peer-urls=http://0.0.0.0:2380
      - --initial-cluster=etcd1=http://etcd1:2380,etcd2=http://etcd2:2380,etcd3=http://etcd3:2380
      - --initial-cluster-state=new
      - --initial-cluster-token=etcd-cluster
    networks:
      - etcd
    volumes:
      - etcd1vol:/data.etcd
    deploy:
      replicas: 1
      placement:
        constraints: [node.labels.nodename == node1]
  etcd2:
    image: quay.io/coreos/etcd:latest
    hostname: etcd2
    command:
      - etcd
      - --name=etcd2
      - --data-dir=/data.etcd
      - --advertise-client-urls=http://etcd2:2379
      - --listen-client-urls=http://0.0.0.0:2379
      - --initial-advertise-peer-urls=http://etcd2:2380
      - --listen-peer-urls=http://0.0.0.0:2380
      - --initial-cluster=etcd1=http://etcd1:2380,etcd2=http://etcd2:2380,etcd3=http://etcd3:2380
      - --initial-cluster-state=new
      - --initial-cluster-token=etcd-cluster
    networks:
      - etcd
    volumes:
      - etcd2vol:/data.etcd
    deploy:
      replicas: 1
      placement:
        constraints: [node.labels.nodename == node2]
  etcd3:
    image: quay.io/coreos/etcd:latest
    hostname: etcd3
    command:
      - etcd
      - --name=etcd3
      - --data-dir=/data.etcd
      - --advertise-client-urls=http://etcd3:2379
      - --listen-client-urls=http://0.0.0.0:2379
      - --initial-advertise-peer-urls=http://etcd3:2380
      - --listen-peer-urls=http://0.0.0.0:2380
      - --initial-cluster=etcd1=http://etcd1:2380,etcd2=http://etcd2:2380,etcd3=http://etcd3:2380
      - --initial-cluster-state=new
      - --initial-cluster-token=etcd-cluster
    networks:
      - etcd
    volumes:
      - etcd3vol:/data.etcd
    deploy:
      replicas: 1
      placement:
        constraints: [node.labels.nodename == node3]

volumes:
  etcd1vol:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/etcd"
  etcd2vol:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/etcd"
  etcd3vol:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/etcd"

networks:
  etcd:
    external: true

# docker stack deploy --compose-file 00etcd.yml etcd

, etcd :

# docker exec $(docker ps | awk '/etcd/ {print $1}')  etcdctl member list
ade526d28b1f92f7: name=etcd1 peerURLs=http://etcd1:2380 clientURLs=http://etcd1:2379 isLeader=false
bd388e7810915853: name=etcd3 peerURLs=http://etcd3:2380 clientURLs=http://etcd3:2379 isLeader=false
d282ac2ce600c1ce: name=etcd2 peerURLs=http://etcd2:2380 clientURLs=http://etcd2:2379 isLeader=true
# docker exec $(docker ps | awk '/etcd/ {print $1}')  etcdctl cluster-health
member ade526d28b1f92f7 is healthy: got healthy result from http://etcd1:2379
member bd388e7810915853 is healthy: got healthy result from http://etcd3:2379
member d282ac2ce600c1ce is healthy: got healthy result from http://etcd2:2379
cluster is healthy

Postgresql, :

# mkdir -p /srv/pgsql

Postgresql:

01pgsql.yml

version: '3.7'

services:
  pgsentinel:
    image: sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
    command:
      - gosu
      - stolon
      - stolon-sentinel
      - --cluster-name=stolon-cluster
      - --store-backend=etcdv3
      - --store-endpoints=http://etcd1:2379,http://etcd2:2379,http://etcd3:2379
      - --log-level=debug
    networks:
      - etcd
      - pgsql
    deploy:
      replicas: 3
      update_config:
        parallelism: 1
        delay: 30s
        order: stop-first
        failure_action: pause
  pgkeeper1:
    image: sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
    hostname: pgkeeper1
    command:
      - gosu
      - stolon
      - stolon-keeper
      - --pg-listen-address=pgkeeper1
      - --pg-repl-username=replica
      - --uid=pgkeeper1
      - --pg-su-username=postgres
      - --pg-su-passwordfile=/run/secrets/pgsql
      - --pg-repl-passwordfile=/run/secrets/pgsql_repl
      - --data-dir=/var/lib/postgresql/data
      - --cluster-name=stolon-cluster
      - --store-backend=etcdv3
      - --store-endpoints=http://etcd1:2379,http://etcd2:2379,http://etcd3:2379
    networks:
      - etcd
      - pgsql
    environment:
      - PGDATA=/var/lib/postgresql/data
    volumes:
      - pgkeeper1:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    secrets:
      - pgsql
      - pgsql_repl
    deploy:
      replicas: 1
      placement:
        constraints: [node.labels.nodename == node1]
  pgkeeper2:
    image: sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
    hostname: pgkeeper2
    command:
      - gosu
      - stolon 
      - stolon-keeper
      - --pg-listen-address=pgkeeper2
      - --pg-repl-username=replica
      - --uid=pgkeeper2
      - --pg-su-username=postgres
      - --pg-su-passwordfile=/run/secrets/pgsql
      - --pg-repl-passwordfile=/run/secrets/pgsql_repl
      - --data-dir=/var/lib/postgresql/data
      - --cluster-name=stolon-cluster
      - --store-backend=etcdv3
      - --store-endpoints=http://etcd1:2379,http://etcd2:2379,http://etcd3:2379
    networks:
      - etcd
      - pgsql
    environment:
      - PGDATA=/var/lib/postgresql/data
    volumes:
      - pgkeeper2:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    secrets:
      - pgsql
      - pgsql_repl
    deploy:
      replicas: 1
      placement:
        constraints: [node.labels.nodename == node2]
  pgkeeper3:
    image: sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
    hostname: pgkeeper3
    command:
      - gosu
      - stolon 
      - stolon-keeper
      - --pg-listen-address=pgkeeper3
      - --pg-repl-username=replica
      - --uid=pgkeeper3
      - --pg-su-username=postgres
      - --pg-su-passwordfile=/run/secrets/pgsql
      - --pg-repl-passwordfile=/run/secrets/pgsql_repl
      - --data-dir=/var/lib/postgresql/data
      - --cluster-name=stolon-cluster
      - --store-backend=etcdv3
      - --store-endpoints=http://etcd1:2379,http://etcd2:2379,http://etcd3:2379
    networks:
      - etcd
      - pgsql
    environment:
      - PGDATA=/var/lib/postgresql/data
    volumes:
      - pgkeeper3:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    secrets:
      - pgsql
      - pgsql_repl
    deploy:
      replicas: 1
      placement:
        constraints: [node.labels.nodename == node3]
  postgresql:
    image: sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
    command: gosu stolon stolon-proxy --listen-address 0.0.0.0 --cluster-name stolon-cluster --store-backend=etcdv3 --store-endpoints http://etcd1:2379,http://etcd2:2379,http://etcd3:2379
    networks:
      - etcd
      - pgsql
    deploy:
      replicas: 3
      update_config:
        parallelism: 1
        delay: 30s
        order: stop-first
        failure_action: rollback

volumes:
  pgkeeper1:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/pgsql"
  pgkeeper2:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/pgsql"
  pgkeeper3:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/pgsql"

secrets:
  pgsql:
    file: "/srv/docker/postgres"
  pgsql_repl:
    file: "/srv/docker/replica"

networks:
  etcd:
    external: true
  pgsql:
    external: true

, :

# </dev/urandom tr -dc 234567890qwertyuopasdfghjkzxcvbnmQWERTYUPASDFGHKLZXCVBNM | head -c $(((RANDOM%3)+15)) > /srv/docker/replica
# </dev/urandom tr -dc 234567890qwertyuopasdfghjkzxcvbnmQWERTYUPASDFGHKLZXCVBNM | head -c $(((RANDOM%3)+15)) > /srv/docker/postgres
# docker stack deploy --compose-file 01pgsql.yml pgsql

( docker service ls, ) Postgresql:

# docker exec $(docker ps | awk '/pgkeeper/ {print $1}') stolonctl --cluster-name=stolon-cluster --store-backend=etcdv3 --store-endpoints=http://etcd1:2379,http://etcd2:2379,http://etcd3:2379 init

Postgresql:

# docker exec $(docker ps | awk '/pgkeeper/ {print $1}') stolonctl --cluster-name=stolon-cluster --store-backend=etcdv3 --store-endpoints=http://etcd1:2379,http://etcd2:2379,http://etcd3:2379 status
=== Active sentinels ===

ID      LEADER
26baa11d    false
74e98768    false
a8cb002b    true

=== Active proxies ===

ID
4d233826
9f562f3b
b0c79ff1

=== Keepers ===

UID     HEALTHY PG LISTENADDRESS    PG HEALTHY  PG WANTEDGENERATION PG CURRENTGENERATION
pgkeeper1   true    pgkeeper1:5432         true     2           2
pgkeeper2   true    pgkeeper2:5432          true            2                   2
pgkeeper3   true    pgkeeper3:5432          true            3                   3

=== Cluster Info ===

Master Keeper: pgkeeper3

===== Keepers/DB tree =====

pgkeeper3 (master)
├─pgkeeper2
└─pgkeeper1

traefik :

03traefik.yml

version: '3.7'

services:
  traefik:
    image: traefik:latest
    command: >
      --log.level=INFO
      --providers.docker=true
      --entryPoints.web.address=:80
      --providers.providersThrottleDuration=2
      --providers.docker.watch=true
      --providers.docker.swarmMode=true
      --providers.docker.swarmModeRefreshSeconds=15s
      --providers.docker.exposedbydefault=false
      --accessLog.bufferingSize=0
      --api=true
      --api.dashboard=true
      --api.insecure=true
    networks:
      - traefik
    ports:
      - 80:80
    volumes:
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
    deploy:
      replicas: 3
      placement:
        constraints:
          - node.role == manager
        preferences:
          - spread: node.id
      labels:
        - traefik.enable=true
        - traefik.http.routers.traefik.rule=Host(`traefik.example.com`)
        - traefik.http.services.traefik.loadbalancer.server.port=8080
        - traefik.docker.network=traefik

networks:
  traefik:
    external: true

# docker stack deploy --compose-file 03traefik.yml traefik

Redis Cluster, :

# mkdir -p /srv/redis

05redis.yml

version: '3.7'

services:
  redis-master:
    image: 'bitnami/redis:latest'
    networks:
      - redis
    ports:
      - '6379:6379'
    environment:
      - REDIS_REPLICATION_MODE=master
      - REDIS_PASSWORD=xxxxxxxxxxx
    deploy:
      mode: global
      restart_policy:
        condition: any
    volumes:
      - 'redis:/opt/bitnami/redis/etc/'

  redis-replica:
    image: 'bitnami/redis:latest'
    networks:
      - redis
    ports:
      - '6379'
    depends_on:
      - redis-master
    environment:
      - REDIS_REPLICATION_MODE=slave
      - REDIS_MASTER_HOST=redis-master
      - REDIS_MASTER_PORT_NUMBER=6379
      - REDIS_MASTER_PASSWORD=xxxxxxxxxxx
      - REDIS_PASSWORD=xxxxxxxxxxx
    deploy:
      mode: replicated
      replicas: 3
      update_config:
        parallelism: 1
        delay: 10s
      restart_policy:
        condition: any

  redis-sentinel:
    image: 'bitnami/redis:latest'
    networks:
      - redis
    ports:
      - '16379'
    depends_on:
      - redis-master
      - redis-replica
    entrypoint: |
      bash -c 'bash -s <<EOF
      "/bin/bash" -c "cat <<EOF > /opt/bitnami/redis/etc/sentinel.conf
      port 16379
      dir /tmp
      sentinel monitor master-node redis-master 6379 2
      sentinel down-after-milliseconds master-node 5000
      sentinel parallel-syncs master-node 1
      sentinel failover-timeout master-node 5000
      sentinel auth-pass master-node xxxxxxxxxxx
      sentinel announce-ip redis-sentinel
      sentinel announce-port 16379
      EOF"
      "/bin/bash" -c "redis-sentinel /opt/bitnami/redis/etc/sentinel.conf"
      EOF'
    deploy:
      mode: global
      restart_policy:
        condition: any

volumes:
  redis:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: 'none'
      o: 'bind'
      device: "/srv/redis"

networks:
  redis:
    external: true

# docker stack deploy --compose-file 05redis.yml redis

Docker Registry:

06registry.yml

version: '3.7'

services:
  registry:
    image: registry:2.6
    networks:
      - traefik
    volumes:
      - registry_data:/var/lib/registry
    deploy:
      replicas: 1
      placement:
        constraints: [node.role == manager]
      restart_policy:
        condition: on-failure
      labels:
        - traefik.enable=true
        - traefik.http.routers.registry.rule=Host(`registry.example.com`)
        - traefik.http.services.registry.loadbalancer.server.port=5000
        - traefik.docker.network=traefik

volumes:
  registry_data:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/docker/registry"

networks:
  traefik:
    external: true

# mkdir /srv/docker/registry
# docker stack deploy --compose-file 06registry.yml registry

— GitLab:

08gitlab-runner.yml

version: '3.7'

services:
  gitlab:
    image: gitlab/gitlab-ce:latest
    networks:
      - pgsql
      - redis
      - traefik
      - gitlab
    ports:
      - 22222:22
    environment:
      GITLAB_OMNIBUS_CONFIG: |
        postgresql['enable'] = false
        redis['enable'] = false
        gitlab_rails['registry_enabled'] = false
        gitlab_rails['db_username'] = "gitlab"
        gitlab_rails['db_password'] = "XXXXXXXXXXX"
        gitlab_rails['db_host'] = "postgresql"
        gitlab_rails['db_port'] = "5432"
        gitlab_rails['db_database'] = "gitlab"
        gitlab_rails['db_adapter'] = 'postgresql'
        gitlab_rails['db_encoding'] = 'utf8'
        gitlab_rails['redis_host'] = 'redis-master'
        gitlab_rails['redis_port'] = '6379'
        gitlab_rails['redis_password'] = 'xxxxxxxxxxx'
        gitlab_rails['smtp_enable'] = true
        gitlab_rails['smtp_address'] = "smtp.yandex.ru"
        gitlab_rails['smtp_port'] = 465
        gitlab_rails['smtp_user_name'] = "noreply@example.com"
        gitlab_rails['smtp_password'] = "xxxxxxxxx"
        gitlab_rails['smtp_domain'] = "example.com"
        gitlab_rails['gitlab_email_from'] = 'noreply@example.com'
        gitlab_rails['smtp_authentication'] = "login"
        gitlab_rails['smtp_tls'] = true
        gitlab_rails['smtp_enable_starttls_auto'] = true
        gitlab_rails['smtp_openssl_verify_mode'] = 'peer'
        external_url 'http://gitlab.example.com/'
        gitlab_rails['gitlab_shell_ssh_port'] = 22222
    volumes:
      - gitlab_conf:/etc/gitlab
      - gitlab_logs:/var/log/gitlab
      - gitlab_data:/var/opt/gitlab
    deploy:
      mode: replicated
      replicas: 1
      placement:
        constraints:
        - node.role == manager
      labels:
        - traefik.enable=true
        - traefik.http.routers.gitlab.rule=Host(`gitlab.example.com`)
        - traefik.http.services.gitlab.loadbalancer.server.port=80
        - traefik.docker.network=traefik
  gitlab-runner:
    image: gitlab/gitlab-runner:latest
    networks:
      - gitlab
    volumes:
      - gitlab_runner_conf:/etc/gitlab
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
    deploy:
      mode: replicated
      replicas: 1
      placement:
        constraints:
        - node.role == manager

volumes:
  gitlab_conf:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/docker/gitlab/conf"
  gitlab_logs:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/docker/gitlab/logs"
  gitlab_data:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/docker/gitlab/data"
  gitlab_runner_conf:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      o: bind
      device: "/srv/docker/gitlab/runner"

networks:
  pgsql:
    external: true
  redis:
    external: true
  traefik:
    external: true
  gitlab:
    external: true

# mkdir -p /srv/docker/gitlab/conf
# mkdir -p /srv/docker/gitlab/logs
# mkdir -p /srv/docker/gitlab/data
# mkdir -p /srv/docker/gitlab/runner
# docker stack deploy --compose-file 08gitlab-runner.yml gitlab

# docker service ls
ID                  NAME                   MODE                REPLICAS            IMAGE                          PORTS
lef9n3m92buq        etcd_etcd1             replicated          1/1                 quay.io/coreos/etcd:latest
ij6uyyo792x5        etcd_etcd2             replicated          1/1                 quay.io/coreos/etcd:latest
fqttqpjgp6pp        etcd_etcd3             replicated          1/1                 quay.io/coreos/etcd:latest
hq5iyga28w33        gitlab_gitlab          replicated          1/1                 gitlab/gitlab-ce:latest        *:22222->22/tcp
dt7s6vs0q4qc        gitlab_gitlab-runner   replicated          1/1                 gitlab/gitlab-runner:latest
k7uoezno0h9n        pgsql_pgkeeper1        replicated          1/1                 sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
cnrwul4r4nse        pgsql_pgkeeper2        replicated          1/1                 sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
frflfnpty7tr        pgsql_pgkeeper3        replicated          1/1                 sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
x7pqqchi52kq        pgsql_pgsentinel       replicated          3/3                 sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
mwu2wl8fti4r        pgsql_postgresql       replicated          3/3                 sorintlab/stolon:master-pg10
9hkbe2vksbzb        redis_redis-master     global              3/3                 bitnami/redis:latest           *:6379->6379/tcp
l88zn8cla7dc        redis_redis-replica    replicated          3/3                 bitnami/redis:latest           *:30003->6379/tcp
1utp309xfmsy        redis_redis-sentinel   global              3/3                 bitnami/redis:latest           *:30002->16379/tcp
oteb824ylhyp        registry_registry      replicated          1/1                 registry:2.6
qovrah8nzzu8        traefik_traefik        replicated          3/3                 traefik:latest                 *:80->80/tcp, *:443->443/tcp

? Traefik https, tls Postgresql Redis. PoC. Docker.

Podman

engine , (pods, , ). Docker - , libpod. Go, OCI- runtime , runC.

Podman Docker, , ( , ):

$ alias docker=podman

. Podman , Kubernetes Docker, 2015 , (OCI — Open Container Initiative) Docker containerd runC, Docker Kubernetes: CRI-O. Podman Docker, Kubernetes, , — Docker . swarm mode, , — Kubernetes.

Centos 7 Extras, :

# yum -y install podman

Podman systemd, . systemd pid 1 . buildah, — docker-compose, , Kubernetes, Podman Kubernetes .

Podman

swarm mode ( Kubernetes, ) — .

podman-compose:

# yum -y install python3-pip
# pip3 install podman-compose

podman , volumes .

gitlab-podman.yml

version: '3.7'

services:
  gitlab:
    image: gitlab/gitlab-ce:latest
    hostname: gitlab.example.com
    restart: unless-stopped
    environment:
      GITLAB_OMNIBUS_CONFIG: |
        gitlab_rails['gitlab_shell_ssh_port'] = 22222
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "22222:22"
    volumes:
      - /srv/podman/gitlab/conf:/etc/gitlab
      - /srv/podman/gitlab/data:/var/opt/gitlab
      - /srv/podman/gitlab/logs:/var/log/gitlab
    networks:
      - gitlab

  gitlab-runner:
    image: gitlab/gitlab-runner:alpine
    restart: unless-stopped
    depends_on:
      - gitlab
    volumes:
      - /srv/podman/gitlab/runner:/etc/gitlab-runner
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
    networks:
      - gitlab

networks:
  gitlab:

# podman-compose -f gitlab-runner.yml -d up

# podman ps
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE                                  COMMAND               CREATED             STATUS                 PORTS                                      NAMES
da53da946c01  docker.io/gitlab/gitlab-runner:alpine  run --user=gitlab...  About a minute ago  Up About a minute ago  0.0.0.0:22222->22/tcp, 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp  root_gitlab-runner_1
781c0103c94a  docker.io/gitlab/gitlab-ce:latest      /assets/wrapper       About a minute ago  Up About a minute ago  0.0.0.0:22222->22/tcp, 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp  root_gitlab_1

, systemd kubernetes, id :

# podman pod ls
POD ID         NAME   STATUS    CREATED          # OF CONTAINERS   INFRA ID
71fc2b2a5c63   root   Running   11 minutes ago   3                 db40ab8bf84b

Kubernetes:

# podman generate kube 71fc2b2a5c63
# Generation of Kubernetes YAML is still under development!
#
# Save the output of this file and use kubectl create -f to import
# it into Kubernetes.
#
# Created with podman-1.6.4
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2020-07-29T19:22:40Z"
  labels:
    app: root
  name: root
spec:
  containers:
  - command:
    - /assets/wrapper
    env:
    - name: PATH
      value: /opt/gitlab/embedded/bin:/opt/gitlab/bin:/assets:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
    - name: TERM
      value: xterm
    - name: HOSTNAME
      value: gitlab.example.com
    - name: container
      value: podman
    - name: GITLAB_OMNIBUS_CONFIG
      value: |
        gitlab_rails['gitlab_shell_ssh_port'] = 22222
    - name: LANG
      value: C.UTF-8
    image: docker.io/gitlab/gitlab-ce:latest
    name: rootgitlab1
    ports:
    - containerPort: 22
      hostPort: 22222
      protocol: TCP
    - containerPort: 80
      hostPort: 80
      protocol: TCP
    resources: {}
    securityContext:
      allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
      capabilities: {}
      privileged: false
      readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /var/opt/gitlab
      name: srv-podman-gitlab-data
    - mountPath: /var/log/gitlab
      name: srv-podman-gitlab-logs
    - mountPath: /etc/gitlab
      name: srv-podman-gitlab-conf
    workingDir: /
  - command:
    - run
    - --user=gitlab-runner
    - --working-directory=/home/gitlab-runner
    env:
    - name: PATH
      value: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
    - name: TERM
      value: xterm
    - name: HOSTNAME
    - name: container
      value: podman
    image: docker.io/gitlab/gitlab-runner:alpine
    name: rootgitlab-runner1
    resources: {}
    securityContext:
      allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
      capabilities: {}
      privileged: false
      readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /etc/gitlab-runner
      name: srv-podman-gitlab-runner
    - mountPath: /var/run/docker.sock
      name: var-run-docker.sock
    workingDir: /
  volumes:
  - hostPath:
      path: /srv/podman/gitlab/runner
      type: Directory
    name: srv-podman-gitlab-runner
  - hostPath:
      path: /var/run/docker.sock
      type: File
    name: var-run-docker.sock
  - hostPath:
      path: /srv/podman/gitlab/data
      type: Directory
    name: srv-podman-gitlab-data
  - hostPath:
      path: /srv/podman/gitlab/logs
      type: Directory
    name: srv-podman-gitlab-logs
  - hostPath:
      path: /srv/podman/gitlab/conf
      type: Directory
    name: srv-podman-gitlab-conf
status: {}

Systemd:

# podman generate systemd 71fc2b2a5c63
# pod-71fc2b2a5c6346f0c1c86a2dc45dbe78fa192ea02aac001eb8347ccb8c043c26.service
# autogenerated by Podman 1.6.4
# Thu Jul 29 15:23:28 EDT 2020

[Unit]
Description=Podman pod-71fc2b2a5c6346f0c1c86a2dc45dbe78fa192ea02aac001eb8347ccb8c043c26.service
Documentation=man:podman-generate-systemd(1)
Requires=container-781c0103c94aaa113c17c58d05ddabf8df4bf39707b664abcf17ed2ceff467d3.service container-da53da946c01449f500aa5296d9ea6376f751948b17ca164df438b7df6607864.service
Before=container-781c0103c94aaa113c17c58d05ddabf8df4bf39707b664abcf17ed2ceff467d3.service container-da53da946c01449f500aa5296d9ea6376f751948b17ca164df438b7df6607864.service

[Service]
Restart=on-failure
ExecStart=/usr/bin/podman start db40ab8bf84bf35141159c26cb6e256b889c7a98c0418eee3c4aa683c14fccaa
ExecStop=/usr/bin/podman stop -t 10 db40ab8bf84bf35141159c26cb6e256b889c7a98c0418eee3c4aa683c14fccaa
KillMode=none
Type=forking
PIDFile=/var/run/containers/storage/overlay-containers/db40ab8bf84bf35141159c26cb6e256b889c7a98c0418eee3c4aa683c14fccaa/userdata/conmon.pid

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
# container-da53da946c01449f500aa5296d9ea6376f751948b17ca164df438b7df6607864.service
# autogenerated by Podman 1.6.4
# Thu Jul 29 15:23:28 EDT 2020

[Unit]
Description=Podman container-da53da946c01449f500aa5296d9ea6376f751948b17ca164df438b7df6607864.service
Documentation=man:podman-generate-systemd(1)
RefuseManualStart=yes
RefuseManualStop=yes
BindsTo=pod-71fc2b2a5c6346f0c1c86a2dc45dbe78fa192ea02aac001eb8347ccb8c043c26.service
After=pod-71fc2b2a5c6346f0c1c86a2dc45dbe78fa192ea02aac001eb8347ccb8c043c26.service

[Service]
Restart=on-failure
ExecStart=/usr/bin/podman start da53da946c01449f500aa5296d9ea6376f751948b17ca164df438b7df6607864
ExecStop=/usr/bin/podman stop -t 10 da53da946c01449f500aa5296d9ea6376f751948b17ca164df438b7df6607864
KillMode=none
Type=forking
PIDFile=/var/run/containers/storage/overlay-containers/da53da946c01449f500aa5296d9ea6376f751948b17ca164df438b7df6607864/userdata/conmon.pid

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
# container-781c0103c94aaa113c17c58d05ddabf8df4bf39707b664abcf17ed2ceff467d3.service
# autogenerated by Podman 1.6.4
# Thu Jul 29 15:23:28 EDT 2020

[Unit]
Description=Podman container-781c0103c94aaa113c17c58d05ddabf8df4bf39707b664abcf17ed2ceff467d3.service
Documentation=man:podman-generate-systemd(1)
RefuseManualStart=yes
RefuseManualStop=yes
BindsTo=pod-71fc2b2a5c6346f0c1c86a2dc45dbe78fa192ea02aac001eb8347ccb8c043c26.service
After=pod-71fc2b2a5c6346f0c1c86a2dc45dbe78fa192ea02aac001eb8347ccb8c043c26.service

[Service]
Restart=on-failure
ExecStart=/usr/bin/podman start 781c0103c94aaa113c17c58d05ddabf8df4bf39707b664abcf17ed2ceff467d3
ExecStop=/usr/bin/podman stop -t 10 781c0103c94aaa113c17c58d05ddabf8df4bf39707b664abcf17ed2ceff467d3
KillMode=none
Type=forking
PIDFile=/var/run/containers/storage/overlay-containers/781c0103c94aaa113c17c58d05ddabf8df4bf39707b664abcf17ed2ceff467d3/userdata/conmon.pid

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

systemd ( ), .

Podman , , , docker-compose, Kubernetes, , Docker.

rkt

- , RedHat, . , Docker Podman . CoreOS, rkt ( Docker), RedHat.

Plash

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Kubernetes : Docker ( swarm mode), , (3-5 ), , Kubernetes .

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P.S. 3 « Docker», . : , . , Docker. best practice .

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Docker and everything, everything, everything

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