Artificial intelligence in the field of jurisprudence. Article 2

Introduction



We began our analysis of the current topic of artificial intelligence and its application in the field of jurisprudence with a review of the tools for syntactic and semantic analysis of texts that are used in the development of LegalTech solutions.



In the comments to the previous article, a very difficult question ran like a red thread: why not extract all the meanings from the text? What is the difficulty here? This question is extremely indicative, so we decided to pay more attention to it and give the most detailed answer.





So, today we will try to answer a number of seemingly simple questions:



  1. How to find “all meanings” in the text? What are the differences in the perception of text between a subject matter expert (lawyer) and a layman (developer)?
  2. How do these differences affect the development of appropriate IT solutions?




, Legal Artificial Intelligence ( — «Legal AI»). , , — .



, , , . , . , , , , , Legal AI «» .





. , , . , . , , , , . , , .



LegalTech, , . , DoNotPay, -, : , , . , , , — « », . . , , , , , , .





Legal AI, / . , -.



Legal AI , . Legal AI — , , . , , , « ?» « ?».



, Legal AI , , (, .). , . , , , , .



, Legal AI . — //. ( , , , ) , , , , , — Legal AI.



, Legal AI , , , -.



2.



2.1.



. LegalTech- :



  • , ;
  • , ;
  • , .


, , .



, . , , . , — , . . LegalTech- . , .



, , , , .



, . , , , . , — , . , , , .



LegalTech, first principles.





— . , . . , . , , . « (. Methodos), , , , ; , -, , , », — .



Legal AI, — , : , .



2.2.



, . .



, «», , , , , .



, , :



  • , , ;
  • (), ( ), ;
  • , , .


, . LegalTech, , , . , , , . .



, . DIKW (. data, information, knowledge, wisdom — , , , ), 1989 . ( ).





:



  1. data (, );
  2. information ( , );
  3. knowledge ();
  4. wisdom ().


— , . , . :



  • , , data information, ;
  • knowledge, , ;
  • wisdom, , .


— . — , . , , , , , , . , , , , .



, data ( ). , , . , ̆ — ̆.



, , . . - (, . .), LegalTech-. , - , , , , .



, . -, LegalTech. . , , , LegalTech, , « ». - :



  • , ( , .);
  • .


. . , , , , :



  • , ;
  • , (, .) ;
  • ( , .) (, , ) .


— . , IT- , , .



, . , 1986 . (The British Nationality Act) Prolog. ( ), . , , .



«Our representation of the British Nationality Act was undertaken with no legal expert assistance. Our model of the Act expresses the layman's reading of the provisions. This in itself renders our British Nationality Act program of limited practical value. We could not use it in its present form for solving problems of British citizenship in actual legal practice».



, , . , .



:



«A complication that we anticipated was the presence of vagueness. The act contains such vague phrases as “being a good character,” “having reasonable excuse,” and “having sufficient knowledge of English.”»



, , , , , - , . -: , ; , .



The British Nationality Act Prolog : , .



, , LegalTech . . data (machine learning / deep learning) , .



, Legal AI , :



  • ( ), ;
  • ;
  • .


LegalTech (knowledge wisdom).



2.2.1.



Legal AI . , (70-80%) ( ), knowledge wisdom, , .



20-30% , , . , , -, . , Legal AI .



2.3. LegalTech



- (data>information>knowledge>wisdom), , . (data), (information). , (wisdom) (knowledge).



, , . LegalTech IT- , .



( ) - . , (), () . , , . .





, . , . , . . , , , , .



, , , , — . , , , , . , , . — . , , . , , . , , — , , . , , , .



, , . , (knowledge wisdom). , , , (data information). , LegalTech- , , .



, Legal AI . , , :



  • -, - ( , , .) (, . .) , ;
  • (Freshdoc, Easylaw, Doczilla .) , , ;
  • Legal AI, wisdom knowledge, .




2.4. Agile LegalTech



IT- Agile, LegalTech, , . (. Agile software development) — , 12 , , :



  • ;
  • ( );
  • ( , );
  • ;
  • , , ;
  • — ( );
  • — ;
  • , ;
  • ;
  • — ;
  • , ;
  • : .


Agile ( ) ( ) .



Agile , . , ( ). , , . , . . Agile , (« ») , , «».



( , ), , . . , , Agile , ( — «, », , ). . Agile , , - , , , .





LegalTech . , first principles, , , , . . , ( ).



3.



3.1.



, . , , , . , , , . , . , , — . .. « — ».



« ⇔ » (, « ⇔ », ) .. 1960- . — .. , .. . , , . , 1980- . « ⇔ » , (« »), («», ) («», ). : , . , , , . «» — ( ) ( ), -, -, - - . , . — , -, - ..



, . , () , . , ( «» ). , , LegalTech, , . Legal AI, .



3.2.



. .





, , , . LegalTech (, .), - (Freshdoc, - «», «» .), , , , ( LegalTech ). , .



, .



, . , . «, ». , . . , , , . () , :



  • ;
  • ( , .);
  • ( , , , , , .).




, , . Legal AI , . , : , . , , . , / .



— (, ). , , , , : , , , ., .





. first principles, :



  • ;
  • (, , - , .);
  • ( , , «» .);
  • ( .) .




, , , . 5, 60 . , .



— , ( , ). — , . . , , , , .



. , , , , 1-2 . . — Legal AI.



, ( ), — . , . , . , ( , ) , . , . , , ( ), .



. , 1,5 . , , . , . , - . -, . 9 . 81 ( , , ). , . , . , , . 160 ( ) . 204 ( ) . , .



, , — . . , , , , . . . . .





Legal AI. LegalTech , , , , . , LegalTech .



3.3.



, , , .





. 2000- , . , .



, . , , (Relationships) , . , . . 1 — («subclass of»). , , , , , , . , « » « » ( ), « » , , . , .



( , .) . (, ), . OWL , , , .





- . , , . . , , . . , — , . , .



, Legal AI, . , . ( ) , :



≈ n*(n-1)/2,

n — , .



, , ( .), . , FOLaw, FBO, LKIF, Legal Rule ML . , . , , , , , .



FIBO (Financial Industry Business Ontology), OMG, - . FIBO ( .).



FIBO . FIBO -, . , - () , . , , FIBO .



FIBO . , FIBO , , , , . FIBO : OWL, . , FIBO , -. , - . - , FIBO, , () . , FIBO .





FIBO , , . () . FIBO «» – , , ( ). FIBO , . : - (), — ( .). , , , FIBO .





FIBO.





, ( 57 ).





— FIBO ( 6 ).



FIBO Legal AI. , , FIBO .



3.3.1.



. , .



, ( ), ( ). , -, , -, . . , . . .



.



— . 5 : (, , , .), - (, , , ), (, , .), ( ) ( ). . (- ) - ( ) .





, , (, , , .). , , , .



, , - , , — . . - , . . - , ( ). - : . , — . () . , , .



— . 7 . , 40 2/3 . , , . . 100% . , , .



. ( ), LegalTech . FIBO, - . , .



3.3.2.



- (), . . .



, (, FIBO , .). , -, . ( «reusable»). , . , .



, , . , , . — . . , - - , , . . (is-a, subclass of), .



. , , .



:



  • , 125-129 , ~4 ;
  • — 2 : « ?» « ?»;
  • ~645 ( ), .


Legal AI , . «reusable» , . , , .



, , — due diligence.





Due diligence — , , (, .), , .



- , (M&A), , .



, :



  • : « ?» — 30 ( data);
  • : « ?» — 100-150 ( information);
  • : « ?» — — ( knowledge);
  • due diligence ( wisdom).


due diligence . , due diligence :



  • ;
  • ;
  • ( , , , );
  • , , , ;
  • , .


, .



, , . , . , .



FIBO, , 3099 .



4.



Legal AI . , .



6 2020 « », , « » . .



, , , , . , . Legal AI , , .



, , , , , (, .).



, . , .



-, . , , . ( ) , .



-, , , . , , .



-, . IT-, , , . , .





P.S.



:






All Articles